E N G L I S H

GRAMMAR

Iqbal Academy

Rawalpindi-Pakistan

Mobile: 03155122157

Email:Baloobhalo143@gmail.com

E N G L I S H

GRAMMAR

Iqbal academy

mobile:

03155122157

email:

baloobhalo143@gmail.com

website:

www.iqbalacademy57.blogspot.com

Preface

I wrote this book because there are so many problems for the students in grammar. It is a complete package for such students.

After reading this book students will able to get good marks in their exams. And it will be helpful in speaking english as well.

I would like to advice the students that they should do practice of every topic of this book, and after that try to teach some younger students.

Good luck for your bright future. may God Almighty help you at every step of life.

Muhammad Iqbal

S. NO	TOPICS	PAGES
	Noun	1
	Pronoun	5
	Gerund	8
	Compound Noun	9
	Abstract Noun	10
	Verbal Noun	13
	Gender-specific Noun	14
	Non-countable Noun	14
	Concrete Noun	16
	Verbs	17
	Adverbs	24
	Adjectives	28
	Prepositions	31
	Conjunctions	33
	Interjections	34
	Sentence	35
	Conditionals	38
	Phrase	41
	Clause	45
	Transitional Device	50
	Active & Passive	50
	Direct & Indirect	53

G r a m m a r

Nouns

What is a Noun?

A noun is a part of speech that denotes a person, animal, place, thing, or idea. The English word noun has its roots in the Latin word nomen, which means “name.” Every language has words that are nouns. As you read the following explanations, think about some words that might fit into each category.

Person– A term for a person, whether proper name, gender, title, or class, is a noun.
Animal– A term for an animal, whether proper name, species, gender, or class is a noun.
Place– A term for a place, whether proper name, physical location, or general locale is a noun.
Thing– A term for a thing, whether it exists now, will exist, or existed in the past is a noun.
Idea– A term for an idea, be it a real, workable idea or a fantasy that might never come to fruition is a noun.

Noun Examples:

When we first start to learn the parts of speech, trying to identify different words can seem like a challenge. This process gets easier with practice. Here are some noun examples to help you get started. The nouns in each sentence have been italicized.

Person –He is the person to see.
Person –John started to run.
Person –Plato was an influential Greek philosopher.
Person –Sharon admires her grandfather.
Person – My mother looks a lot like my grandmother, and I look very much like them.
Animal – The dog barked at the cat.
Animal – Elephants never forget.
Animal – Sophie is my favorite horse.
Place – The restaurant is open.
Place – Let’s go to the beach.
Place – Look over there.
Place – Come here.
Place – Harvard and Yale are two famous universities.
Place – Look! There’s the Eiffel Tower.
Thing – Throw the ball.

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Thing – Please close the door and lock it.
Thing – Use words properly to be understood.
Thing – The lamp sits on a table next to the sofa.
Thing – Money doesn’t grow on trees.
Idea – Follow the rules.
Idea – The theory of relativity is an important concept.
Idea – Love is a wonderful emotion.

How Nouns Function

Nouns have several important functions. While it’s impossible to list them all here, we’ll go over the most important jobs nouns are tasked with.

Nouns are subjects. Every sentence has a subject, which is a noun that tells us what that sentence is all about. John swung the baseball bat.
Nouns are direct objects. These nouns receive action from verbs. John swung the baseball bat.
Nouns are indirect objects. These nouns receive the direct object. Brad threw John the ball.
Nouns are objects of prepositions. These nouns follow the prepositions in prepositional phrases. John swung the baseball bat at Greg.
Nouns are predicate nominatives. These nouns follow linking verbs and rename the subject. John is a baseball player.
Nouns are object complements. These nouns complete the direct object. They named their dog Max.

This is just the beginning. Be sure to dig deeper and explore more for additional information about nouns and even more noun examples.

There are several different types of nouns. These include: Common Nouns (e.g., abstract nouns, collective nouns, compound nouns, concrete nouns, non-countable nouns, gender-specific nouns, verbal nouns) Proper Nouns. Pronouns (despite pronouns being classified as a different part of speech)

Common Nouns

A common noun is the word used for a class of person, place or thing.

Examples:

car
man
bridge
town
water

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metal
ammonia

Note: Common nouns are capitalized only when they start a sentence.

Common nouns are further classified into:

Abstract nouns– things you cannot see or touch (e.g., bravery, joy)
Collective nouns– words to describe groups (e.g., team, choir)
Compound nouns– nouns made up of more than one word (e.g., court-martial, pickpocket, water bottle)
Concrete nouns– things you can see or touch (e.g., tree, cloud)
Non-countable nouns (mass nouns)– things you cannot count (e.g., food, music)
Gender-specific nouns– words which are definitely male or female (e.g., vixen, actress)
Verbal nouns– nouns derived from verbs (e.g., a building, an attack)
Gerunds– nouns that represent actions (e.g.,running fast,guessinga number)

Proper Nouns

A proper noun is the name of a person, place or thing (i.e., its own name). A proper noun always starts with a capital letter. For example:

Michael
Africa
Peking
Dayton Peace Accord
United Nations
The Tower of London
Uncle George(Uncle is written with a capital letter because it is part of his name.)
My favourite auntie is Auntie Sally.(In this example, the first auntie is a common noun, but the second Auntie is part of a proper noun.)
The Red Lion

What Are Collective Nouns? (with Examples)

A collective noun is the word used to represent a group of people, animals, or things. (A singular noun such as committee or team that refers to a group of the people animals or things is called collective noun.)

Crowd-collection of people
Fleet-(collection of ships)
Chorus- (collection of singers)
Herd- (collection of cattle)
Army- (collection of soldiers)
Choir
Team
Jury
Shoal
Cabinet (of ministers)
Regiment

The big question with collective nouns is whether they should be treated as singular or plural. The answer is: They can be treated as singular or plural depending on the sense of your sentence.

Examples of Collective Nouns

Here are some examples of collective nouns:

Flock
Crowd
Committee
Choir
Group
Team

There are lots of collective nouns. Below are some examples of the most common ones.

Common Collective Nouns Used for People

Here are some examples of common collective nouns used for people:

A band of musicians
A board of directors
A choir of singers
A class of students
A crowd of people
A gang of thieves
A pack of thieves
A panel of experts
A team of players
A troupe of dancers

Common Collective Nouns Used for Animals

Here are some examples of common collective nouns used for animals:

An army of ants
A flock of birds
A flock of sheep
A herd of deer
A hive of bees
A litter of puppies
A murder of crows
A pack of hounds
A pack of wolves
A school of fish
A swarm of locusts
A team of horses
A pride of lions

5 Common Collective Nouns Used for Things

Here are some examples of common collective nouns used for things:

A bouquet of flowers
A bunch of flowers
A fleet of ships
A forest of trees
A galaxy of stars
A pack of cards
A pack of lies
A pair of shoes
A range of mountains
A wad of notes

Change into noun and fill in the blanks with nouns

Words	Nouns	Words	Nouns
Save	safety	excited	excitement
Devastating	devastation	active	activation
Helpless	helplessness	hopeless	hopelessness
Able	ability	justify	justification

Pronouns

A pronoun is a word used to replace a noun.
Pronouns are one of the eight parts of speech which are: adjectives, adverbs,conjunctions,interjections, nouns, prepositions, pronouns, and verbs.

Even though they are classified as a different part of speech to nouns, pronouns are nouns. They always play the role of a noun in a sentence.

James is the first choice for the post. He has applied for it twice already.(He is a pronoun. In this example, it replaces the proper noun James.)
(It is a pronoun. Here, it replaces the common noun post.)
Some / Who / This(The term pronoun covers lots of words, and all three words above are classified as pronouns. There is whole section dedicated to pronouns.)

The Different Types of Pronouns

The term pronoun covers many words, some of which do not fall easily under the description given in the section What are Pronouns? There are many different kinds of pronouns. In general, these do not cause difficulties for native English speakers. The list below is mainly for reference purposes.

Demonstrative Pronouns

These pronouns are used to demonstrate (or indicate). This, that, these and those are all demonstrative pronouns.
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Examples:

This is the one I left in the car.(In this example, the speaker could be indicating to a mobile phone, in which case, the pronoun this replaces the words mobile phone.)

Shall I take those?

Indefinite Pronouns

Unlike demonstrative pronouns, which point out specific items, indefinite pronouns are used for non-specific things. This is the largest group of pronouns. All, some, any, several, anyone, nobody, each, both, few, either, none, one and no one are the most common.

Example:

Somebody must have seen the driver leave.(somebody – not a specific person)

We are all in the gutter, but some of us are looking at the stars. (Oscar Wilde)

I have nothing to declare except my genius. (Oscar Wilde)

Interrogative Pronouns

These pronouns are used in questions. Although they are classified as pronouns, it is not easy to see how they replace nouns. Who, which, what, where and how are all interrogative pronouns.
Example:

Who told you to do that?
Which dog won the race?

Personal Pronouns

The personal pronouns are I, you, he, she, it, we, they, and who. More often than not (but not exclusively), they replace nouns representing people. When most people think of pronouns, it is the personal pronouns that usually spring to mind.

Example:

We can't all be heroes because somebody has to sit on the curb and clap as they go by.

I bought some batteries, but they weren't included.

Possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns are used to show possession. As they are used as adjectives, they are also known as possessive adjectives. My, your, his, her, its, our and their are all possessive pronouns.

Have you seen her book?(In this example, the pronoun her replaces a word like Sarah's.)

Relative Pronouns

Relative pronouns are used to add more information to a sentence. Which, that, who (including whom and whose) and where are all relative pronouns.

Examples:

Dr. Adam Sissons,who lectured at Cambridge for more than 12 years, should have known the difference.(In this example, the relative pronoun who introduces the clause who studied at Cambridge for 12 years and refers back to Dr. Adams Sissons.)
The man who first saw the comet reported it as a UFO.(In this example, the relative pronoun who introduces the clause who first saw the comet and refers back to the man.)

Who=this is my friend who helped me in the time of need.
Which= this is book which I want to buy.
That= we liked house that our father built for us.
Whom=the boy whom we met in the book shop was my friend.

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Whose= Do you know the girl whose purse was lost in the shop.

Absolute Possessive Pronouns

These pronouns also show possession. Unlike possessive pronouns (see above), which are adjectives to nouns, these pronouns sit by themselves. Mine, yours, his, hers, ours and theirs are all absolute possessive pronouns.

Examples:

The tickets are as good as ours.
Shall we take yours or theirs?

Reciprocal Pronouns

Reciprocal pronouns are used for actions or feelings that are reciprocated. The two most common reciprocal pronouns are each other and one another.
Examples:

They like one another.
They talk to each other like they're babies.

Reflexive Pronouns

A reflexive pronoun ends ...self or...selves and refers to another noun or pronoun in the sentence (usually the subject of the sentence). The reflexive pronouns are myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves,yourselves and themselves.

Examples:

The dog bit itself.(In this example, the intensive pronoun itself refers back to the noun the dog.)

Are you talking to yourself?

Intensive (or Emphatic) Pronouns

An intensive pronoun (sometimes called an emphatic pronoun) refers back to another noun or pronoun in the sentence to emphasize it (e.g., to emphasize that it is the thing carrying out the action).

Examples:

John bakes all the bread himself.(In this example, the intensive pronoun himself refers back to the noun John.)

The cat opened the door itself.

Identify personal possessive reflexive and indefinite pronouns

1-This is my book.	demonstrative pronoun
2-Salman is absent because he is ill.	personal pronoun
3-You will hurt yourself.	personal pronoun, reflexive pronoun
4-Nobody was there to rescue the child.	indefinite pronoun

Identify the pronoun antecedent errors and rewrite correctly.

1-media plays a very constructive role for society. It raises awareness.

2--------------------if it works honestly

3--------------------I am happy that all of you have participated in the discussion

8 Gerunds

A gerund is that form of verb which ends in –ing and has the function of a noun.

Painting is a good fun. All gerunds end-ing. For example:

swimming
running
drinking
I like painting
My favourite hobby is painting.
Painting is gerund as it is used as subject, object and complement as a noun is used.
He is good at painting.
He was accused of stealing the books.
He was sad at seeing the defeat.
He is tired of working hard.

They are a type of common noun.

I love baking.(baking – the name of an activity; it is formed from the verb to bake.)

Thinking is required to solve this problem.(thinking – the name of an activity; it is formed from the verb to think.)

Gerunds are different from other nouns because they can take an object or be modified with an adverb.

I love baking bread.(Here, bread is the object of the gerund baking.)

Thinking laterally is required to solve this problem.(Here, the gerund thinking has been modified by the adverb laterally.)

Even though a gerund is a noun, a gerund can still take a direct object (like a verb). This is known as a gerund complement. For example:

swimming the lake
running a mile
drinking a beer

More Examples of Gerunds

Below are some more examples of gerunds (underlined) with their roles as nouns explained:

Acting is fun.(Gerund as the subject of a sentence)
Playing football is fun.(Here, football is the gerund complement of the gerund playing.)
Acting is merely the art of keeping a large group of people from coughing. (Sir Ralph Richardson, 1902-1983)(Acting is a gerund as a subject. The gerunds keeping and coughing are objects of prepositions.)
(In this example, a large group of people is the gerund complement of keeping.)

Generosity is giving more than you can, and pride is taking less than you need. (Kahlil Gibran, 1883-1931)(Two gerunds, both subject complements)

I love acting. It is so much more real than life. (Oscar Wilde, 1854-1900)(A gerund as the direct object of the verb love)

You can tell a lot about a fellow's character by his way of eatingjellybeans. (Ronald Reagan, 1911-2004)(A gerund as the object of a preposition)

I like to play blackjack. I'm not addicted to gambling, I'm addicted to sitting in a semi-circle. (Mitch Hedberg, 1968-2005)(Two gerunds, both objects of prepositions)

Gerund Phrases

A gerund will often appear in a gerund phrase. A gerund phrase consists of a gerund, its object, and all modifiers. For example (gerund phrase shaded):

Picking rotten apples from the floor is a great way to get stung by a wasp.

All Gerunds End -ing but So Do Present Participles

Even though all gerunds end with the suffix -ing, not every word which ends-ing is a gerund. The other common type of word which ends -ingis the present participle. Like gerunds, present participles are also formed from verbs (making them verbals), but they are not used as nouns. They are used as adjectives or when forming verbs in a progressive tense. For example:

Running the tap will clear the air pocket.(This is a gerund.)

Can you fix the running tap?(This is a present participle as an adjective.)

The tap was running for an hour.(This is a present participle used to form the past progressive tense.)

Compound Nouns

Compound nouns are nouns made up of two or more words. Some compound nouns are hyphenated, some are not, and some combine their words to form a single word. For example:

Mother-in-law
Board of members
Court-martial
Forget-me-not
Manservant
Pickpocket
Paper-clip

What Are Compound Nouns? (with Examples)

A compound noun is one comprising at least two words. (Sometimes, they are hyphenated.)

Examples of Compound Nouns

Here are some examples of compound nouns:

Mother-in-law

Board of Members

Court-martial

Forget-me-not

Manservant

Cooking-oil

Hyphens in Compound Nouns

There are three forms for compound nouns:

With Spaces: swimming pool, grey matter, fish tank
Without Spaces: shotgun, housework, eyelid

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With Hyphens: baby-sitter, laughing-gas, daughter-in-law

There are no definitive rules on which form to use. You have to use your spellchecker or a dictionary. Be aware that many of the words exist in several forms.

Composition of Compound Nouns

Most are made up of two nouns or an adjective and a noun. For example:

Noun + Noun: Bath tub, witchcraft, seaman, wall-paper
Adjective + Noun: Hardware, highway, full moon, whiteboard

However, there are other combinations:

Part of Speech	+	Part of Speech	=	Compound Nouns
Pan (noun)	+	Sauce (noun)	=	Saucepan
Ware (noun)	+	Soft (adjective)	=	Software
Fast (noun) Machine (noun)	+	Break (verb) Washing (verbal)	=	Breakfast Washing machine
Rise (verb)	+	Sun (noun)	=	Sunrise
Flux (noun)	+	In (preposition)	=	Influx
Put (Verb)	+	Out (preposition)	=	Output
Out(preposition)	+	Check (verb)	=	Checkout

Abstract Noun

What Are Abstract Nouns? (with Examples)

An abstract noun is a word which names something that you cannot see, hear, touch, smell, or taste.
It is the opposite of a concrete noun.
Examples:

consideration
parenthood
belief

It is not always easy to spot an abstract noun, and it is common for grammarians to argue over whether the thing represented by a noun is perceivable or not. For example, lots of grammar sites claim laughter is an abstract noun, but this is hotly contested by others which claim laughter can be heard, making it a concrete noun.

We would agree that laugher is a concrete noun, but what about work and result? It is possible to make cases for these being concrete nouns too, but many would consider them to be abstract. Be aware that the distinction between abstract noun and concrete noun is sometimes blurry.

The following example might only have abstract nouns in it. However, we could not bring ourselves to call result and work abstract nouns.

Success is the result of perfection, hard work, learning from failure, loyalty, and persistence. (Colin Powell)

11 More Examples of Abstract Nouns

The following are all abstract nouns:

Anger, Anxiety, Beauty, Beliefs, Bravery, Brilliance, Chaos, Charity, Childhood, Comfort, Communication, Compassion, Courage, Culture, Curiosity, Deceit, Dedication, Democracy, Determination, Energy, Failure, Faith, Fear, Freedom, Friendship, Generosity, Gossip, Happiness, Hate, Honesty, Hope, Imagination, Information, Integrity, Intelligence, Joy, Justice, Justice, Kindness, Knowledge, Liberty, Life, Love, Loyalty, Luxury, Misery, Motivation, Opportunity, Pain, Patience, Peace, Perseverance, Pleasure, Pride, Relaxation, Sacrifice, Satisfaction, Skill, Strength, Success, Sympathy, Talent, Thought, Trust, Truth, Warmth, and Wisdom.

Abstract Noun is the name of quality, action, or state. Abstract noun are formed from adjectives, verbs, and common nouns.

Night, migration, fury, wisdom, courage, statement, question wrath, secret

Form abstract nouns from the following adjectives and verbs

Adjectives	Abstract Nouns	Adjectives	Abstract Nouns
Courageous	courage	empty	emptiness
Difficult	difficulty	generous	generosity
Resolute	resolution	suffer	suffering

What Are Noun Phrases? (with Examples)

A noun phrase is a phrase that plays the role of a noun. The head word in a noun phrase will be a noun or a pronoun. In the examples below, the whole noun phrase is shaded and the head word is in bold.

I like singing in the bath.
I know the back streets.
I've met the last remaining chief.

Compare the three examples above to these:

I like it.
I know them.
I've met him.

In these three examples, the words in bold are all pronouns. The ability to replace the noun phrases in the first three examples with a pronoun proves that the shaded texts are functioning as nouns, making them noun phrases.
Like any noun, a noun phrase can be a subject, an object, or a complement.

Examples of Noun Phrases

Noun phrases are extremely common. A noun with any sort of modifier (including just a number or an article) is a noun phrase. Here are some examples of noun phrases:

The best defense against the atom bomb is not to be there when it goes off. (Anon)(In this example, there is a noun phrase within a noun phrase. The noun phrase the atom bomb is the object of the preposition against. The prepositional phrase against the atom bomb modifies defense.)
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I don't have a bank account, because I don't know my mother's maiden name. (Paula Poundstone)(In this example, both noun phrases are direct objects.)
The best car safety device is a rear-view mirror with a cop in it. (Dudley Moore, 1935-2002)(In this example, the first noun phrase is the subject, and the second is a subject complement.)
Only two things are infinite, the universe and human stupidity, and I'm not sure about the former. (Albert Einstein, 1879-1955)

What Are Noun Clauses? (with Examples)

A noun clause is a clause that plays the role of a noun. For example (noun clauses shaded):

I like what I see.
I know that the tide is turning.
I've met the man who won the lottery.(Not all agree this is a noun clause. See Note on the right.)

Compare the three examples above to these:

I like cakes.
I know London.
I've met Madonna.

The words in bold are all nouns. This shows that shaded clauses in the first three examples are functioning as nouns, making them noun clauses.
Like any noun, a noun clause can be a subject, an object, or complement.
In a sentence, a noun clause will be a dependent clause. In other words, a noun clause does not stand alone as a complete thought.

Examples of Noun Clauses

Here are some examples of noun clauses:

A person who trusts no one can't be trusted. (Jerome Blattner)(This noun clause is the subject of the sentence.)
(Not all agree this is a noun clause. See Note on the right.)
That he believes his own story is remarkable. (Jerome Blattner)(This noun clause is the subject of the sentence. Be aware that starting a sentence with a noun clause starting That is acceptable, but it grates on lots of people's ears. As a result, many writers prefer to precede it with "The fact…".)
Ask your child what he wants for dinner only if he's buying. (Fran Lebowitz)(This noun clause is the direct object of ask.)
He knows all about art, but he doesn't know what he likes. (James Thurber, 1894-1961)(This noun clause is the direct object of know.)
It is even harder for the average ape to believe that he has descended from man. (H L Mencken, 1880-1956)(This noun clause is the direct object of believe.)
I never know how much of what I say is true. (Bette Midler)(This noun clause is an object of a preposition.)
Man is what he eats. (Ludwig Feuerbach)(This noun clause is a subject complement.)
My one regret in life is that I am not someone else. (Woody Allen)(This noun clause is a subject complement.)
An economist is a man who states the obvious in terms of the incomprehensible. (Alfred A Knopf)(This noun clause is a subject complement.)
(Not all agree this is a noun clause. See Note on the right.)

13 What Are verbal noun ? (with Examples)

A verbal noun is a noun that has no verb-like properties despite being derived from a verb. This means that a verbal noun can be modified by adjectives, be pluralized (if the sense allows), and be followed by a prepositional phrase.

Verbal Nouns

A brilliant reading of the poem won the competition.

A (determiner)
brilliant (adjective)
reading (verbal noun)
of the poem (prepositional phrase)
won the competition

A verbal noun is different from a gerund. A gerund is a noun that, having derived from a verb, retains a few verb-like properties. For example, a gerund can be modified by an adverb and can take a direct object.

Gerund

Brilliantly reading the poem won the competition.

Brilliantly (adverb)
reading (gerund)
the poem (direct object)

Examples of Verbal Nouns

Here is another example of a verbal noun (shaded):

This bad drawing of a dog is not acceptable for your project.(This is a verbal noun. It is acting just like a noun. Just like any noun could have, it has a determiner (This) and an adjective (bad), and it is followed by a prepositional phrase (of a dog).)

Compare the example above to this example of a gerund:

Badly drawing a dog is not acceptable for your project.(This is a gerund. It is functioning as a noun, but it has two notable verb-like properties. Just like any verb could have, it has an adverb (badly) and a direct object (a dog).)

In English, verbal nouns are formed in a number of ways (usually by adding a suffix to the base form of the verb). For example:

Verb	Verbal Noun	Example in a Sentence
To build	building	It was a lovely building . The money will fund the building of a bridge.
To arrive	arrival	Their arrival has been delayed.
To repeat	repetition	I do not want another repetition of yesterday.
To decide	decision	That was an awful decision by the referee.
To attack	attack	He mounted a surprise attack with the Romans. (Note: With some verbs, the verbal noun is identical to the base form of the verb.)

What Is a Gender-specific Noun? (with Examples)

A gender-specific noun refers specifically to a male or a female.

In English, the gender of most nouns is neuter. However, if a noun refers to something obviously male or female, then its gender will be masculine or feminine (as determined by the meaning).

When a noun's meaning makes its gender masculine or feminine, it is said to be a gender-specific noun.

What Are Non-countable (Non count) Nouns? (with Examples)

A non-countable noun (or mass noun as it's also known) is a noun without a plural form.

Non-countable nouns refer to things that cannot be counted. Look at these examples:

Non-countable Noun>	Attempt At Making It Plural
music	five musics
furniture	five furnitures
tennis	five tennises
mercury	five mercuries

Non-countable nouns are singular.

Examples of Non-countable (Non count) Nouns

Non-countable nouns usually fall into one of the following categories:

Category	Example
Concept	bravery, honesty, information, intelligence, patience
Activity	homework, playing, reading, sleeping
Food	bread, butter, cheese, fish, milk
Gas	air, helium, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, smoke
Liquid	coffee, petrol, water, wine, beer
Material	chalk, cloth, concrete, lumber, wood, metal
Item Category	clothing, furniture, luggage, mail, money, software
Natural Phenomenon	gravity, heat, humidity, rain, snow, sunshine, thunder
Particles	dust, flour, rice, salt, sugar

Making Non-countable Nouns Plural

There are two methods to pluralize a concept expressed by a non-countable noun:

Method 1: Precede it with a [countable noun] + "of". For example:

five loaves of bread(Loaves is the countable noun.)

five blocks of cheese(blocks is the countable noun.)

Method 2: Make the non-countable noun an adjective to a countable noun. For example:

five bread loaves

five cheese blocks

Generally, non-countable nouns cannot be pluralized. However, some can be pluralized when talking about categories of that noun. This is most common with non-countable nouns in the food and liquid categories. For example:

France is famous for its cheeses.(Categories of cheese)

There are many fine wines from Chile.(Categories of wine)

Examples of Gender-specific Nouns

Here are some examples of gender-specific nouns:

actress / waitress / vixen / bitch / sow(gender specific - female)

Dad / bull / uncle / drake / ram / boar / weather (a castrated male sheep or goat)(gender specific - male)

These are not gender-specific nouns:

soldier / cat / whale / mouse(not gender specific)

What Are Concrete Nouns? (with Examples)

A concrete noun represents something that can be seen, touched, tasted, heard, or smelt. In other words, a concrete noun is something that you can perceive with at least one of your senses.

Concrete nouns contrast with abstract nouns, which name things you cannot see, hear, touch, smell, or taste. Take, for example, the abstract nouns motherhood and bravery. You cannot perceive these with your senses. You can of course perceive wood and chocolate with your senses, and these are examples of concrete nouns.

16 Examples of Concrete Nouns

Here is a list of some concrete nouns:

abbey, abdomen, agent, air, alcove, alligator, almonds, ankle, antelope, antlers, ants, ape, apse, architect, arm, armadillo, armchair, arrow, ashram, attendant, auditorium, aunt, baboon, bagpipes, banjo, bank, barn, barracks, basement, bassoon, bat, bathrobe, beach, beads, beak, bear, beard, bed, belfry, belly, bench, beret, bill, blackberries, blood, bloom, blossom, blueberries, boar, bog, bones, bookcase, bow, bower, boy, bracelet, brain, branch, brass, breast, briefs, brook, broom, brother, brushes, bucket, bud, buffet, bug, bungalow, bus, cabbage, cabin, cakes, camel, canal, canoe, cans, canvas, cap, carport, cart, cashier, casino, casserole, castle, cathedral, cauliflower, caves, cello, cemetery, cereal, chair, chalet, channel, chapel, chateau, cheetah, chest, child, chimpanzee, chipmunk, churches, city, clarinet, cloister, coast, cockroach, coffee, colon, cookies, cornet, cot, cottage, couch, country, crackers, cradle, creek, crib, crocodile, crotch, cub, cymbals, dagger, dart, daughter, deckchair, deer, designer, detective, diner, dinghy, dinosaur, dock, doe, dogs, dolls, dolphin, donkey, drake, dress, drum, duck, dynamos, eagle, earrings, earth, earthworm, easel, eclipse, elbow, elephant, elevator, elk, elm, emu, eye, eyeball, eyebrows, eyeglasses, farm, father, fawn, filly, fingernail, fire, fireplace, fish, flute, fondue, forearm, forest, fortress, frigate, fruit, fur, gallbladder, galleon, gander, garden, garlic, gazebo, gem, gerbil, ghost, giraffe, girl, glands, glockenspiel, gloves, goose, grains, grandfather, grandmother, grapefruit, grass, greenhouse, grouper, guitar, gums, hacienda, hail, hamburger, hammock, hand, harp, hatchet, head, hearth, heaven, hedge, hedgehog, hell, herbs, hip, hippodrome, horn, hornets, horse, host, hostess, hotdog, hotel, hovel, hurricane, hut, hutch, hydrofoil, hyena, igloo, inn, intestines, jackal, jaguar, jailhouse, jewel, joey, judge, kangaroo, kidneys, kingfish, kiosk, knee, knickers, knight, knuckles, koala, lake, lap, lark, lawn, lawyer, leeks, leg, legumes, lemons, lettuce, lion, lips, lobster, locker, locket, loft, lungs, lute, maiden, mall, man, manor, mansion, mantel, mare, marsh, mayor, mirror, model, monastery, monkey, monsoon, mop, motel, moth, moth, mother, mouth, mule, muscles, museum, musician, mutt, nightingale, nurse, nuts, oak, oars, oasis, oboe, ocean, onions, onions, orange, orangutan, orchard, orchestra, outhouse, owl, paddock, pagoda, painter, palm, pancake, panda, panties, pants, parachute, park, pasta, paws, peach, peacock, pelt, pendant, peppers, petal, philosopher, photographer, physician, piano, piccolo, pier, pig, pinworms, pipe, poison, pony, popcorn, porcupine, port, porthole, pouch, prince, princess, professor, psychologist, publisher, pudding, puddle, puma, pupil, pyramid, quill, rags, rain, ranch, raspberries, rat, ravioli, restaurant, retina, rhinoceros, river, roads, sails, saloon, sandwich, saxophone, school, schoolteacher, sea, seal, settler, shack, shark, shin, shirt, shoelaces, shoes, shore, shrimp, sibling, sideburns, silo, singer, sister, skull, skunk, sky, skyscraper, sleet, sloth, smog, snakes, snow, solitaire, son, spider, spine, spotlight, squirrel, stables, stadium, stag, stage, stars, steaks, stew, stole, stool, storm, strawberries, stream, streets, studs, submarine, suburb, subway, suit, suitcase, sun, sunglasses, sunlamp, supermarket, sushi, swamp, sword, tabernacle, tail, tambourine, tangerine, tavern, tea, teeth, telephone, temples, therapist, thigh, throat, thumb, thunderbolt, tiara, tiger, toad, toad, toes, tomato, tongue, torso, tower, town, tram, tripod, trolley, trousers, tuba, tunnels, turkey, turtle, typhoon, ukulele, uncle, underwear, urn, usher, van, venom, villa, village, vineyard, viola, violin, vulture, wafer, waffles, waist, waiter, wallaby, wallet, walnuts, wasps, watch, waterfall, weasel, whale, wings, wolf, woman, wombat, woodwinds, worm, wrap, wren, wrist, xylophone, xylophone, yacht, yard, yurt, zebra, zoo.

What Are Verbs?

A verb is a "doing" word. A verb can express:

A physical action (e.g., to swim, to write, to climb).
A mental action (e.g., to think, to guess, to consider).
A state of being (e.g., to be, to exist, to appear).

The verbs that express a state of being take a little practice to spot, but, actually, they are the most common. The most common verb is the verb to be. Below is the verb to be in the different tenses:

Subject	Verb to be in the past tense	Verb to be in the present tense	Verb to be in the future tense
I	was	am	will be
You	were	are	will be
He / She / It	was	is	will be
We	were	are	will be
You	were	are	will be
They	were	are	will be

If you're a native English speaker who's new to studying grammar, you probably know this table without even knowing you know it.

Lots of Verbs Express Physical Actions

Here are some sentences with the verbs highlighted. (These verbs express physical actions.)

She sells pegs and lucky heather.(In this example, the word sells is a verb. It expresses the physical activity to sell.)
The doctor wrote the prescription.(In this example, the word wrote is a verb. It expresses the physical activity to write.)
Alison bought a ticket.(The word bought is a verb. It expresses the physical activity to buy.)

Verbs Express Mental Actions Too

Verbs do not necessarily express physical actions like the ones above. They can express mental actions too:

Example:

She considers the job done.(The word considers is a verb. It expresses the mental activity to consider.)
Peter guessed the right number.(The word guessed is a verb. It expresses the mental activity to guess.)
I thought the same thing.(The word thought is a verb. It expresses the mental activity to think.)

18 Verbs Express a State of Being

A small but extremely important group of verbs do not express any activity at all. The most important verb in this group – arguably of all – is the verb to be. As shown in the table above, this is seen in forms like is, are, were, was, will be, etc.

Here are some real examples with the verb to be:

Edwina is the largest elephant in this area.(The word is is a verb from the verb to be.)
It was a joke.(The word was is a verb from the verb to be.)
I am.(The word am is a verb from the verb to be.)
(Point of interest: I am is the shortest sentence in English.)

The Types of Verbs

As we've covered, a verb can be categorized as a physical verb (e.g., to run), a mental verb (e.g., to think), or a state-of-being verb (e.g., to be). However, a verb will often be further categorized as one of the following:

Action Verb

An action verb expresses an activity that a person or thing can do. For example:

Lee eats cake.(Eating is something Lee can do.)
The bear chased the salmon in the shallow rapids.(Chasing is something the bear can do.)

Compare those verbs with these:

Lee likes cake.(Liking is not an activity. It's a state.)
The bear is hungry.(Being is not an activity. It's a state.)

Stative Verb

A stative verb expresses a state rather than an action. A stative verb typically relates to a state of being, a thought, or an emotion. For example:

I am at home.
She believes in fairies.
He feels elated.

Transitive Verb

A transitive verb is one that acts on something (i.e., it has a direct object). For example:

I saw the dog.(the dog - direct object)
Lee ate the pie.(the pie - direct object)
The postman will give Sarah the letter.(the letter - direct object)

Note: The direct object of a transitive verb can be found by finding the verb and asking "what?" For example, "saw what?" (answer: the dog); "ate what?" (answer: the pie); "will give what?" (answer: the letter).

19 Intransitive Verb

An intransitive verb is one that does not act on something (i.e. there is no direct object). For example:

The rain fell.
My throat hurts.
The cat sneezed.

Auxiliary Verb

An auxiliary verb (or helping verb) accompanies a main verb to help express tense, voice or mood. The most common auxiliary verbs are be, do, and have (in their various forms). Here are some examples of auxiliary verbs:

Lee has eaten all the pies.(Here, the auxiliary verb has helps to express tense.)
The table has been prepared.(Here, the auxiliary verbs has been help to express voice (in this case, the passive voice).)
If he were to arrive in the next 10 minutes, we would be on schedule.(Here, the auxiliary verbs were and would help to express mood (in this case, the subjunctive mood).)

Modal Verb

A modal verb is a type of auxiliary verb used to express ideas such as ability, possibility, permission, and obligation. The modal auxiliary verbs are can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, and would. For example:

Lee can eat a lot of pies.(Here, the modal verb can helps to express the idea of ability.)
Lee might eat that pie before he gets home.(Here, the modal verb might helps to express the idea of possibility.)
Lee may eat as many pies as he likes.(Here, the modal verb may helps to express the idea of permission.)
Lee should give you some of that pie given you bought it.(Here, the modal verb should helps to express the idea of obligation.)

Modal verbs combine with other verbs to form compound verbs.

Modal verbs	Function
Can, could,may,might,would	To indicate possibility
Can, will,could,would	To indicate ability
Must, will shall	To indicate certainty
Might, should,ought	To indicate probability
Can could may	To indicate permission
Should,must,need, ought to	To indicate obligation
Used to	To indicate a past habit

Examples

May I ask you a few questions?	Permission
Can you swim?	Ability
You should keep your promise.	duty or obligation
You ought to help him.	Moral obligation

Phrasal Verb

A phrasal verb is a verb made up of more than one word (usually two words). A phrasal verb has a main verb and another word (either a preposition or a particle). The phrasal verb usually has a meaning different to the main verb. For example:

A burglar will often break a window to break in.(Here, the phrasal verb break in means to enter illegally, which is different to break.)
If you drop the baton the team will drop back to last place.(Here, the phrasal verb drop back means to fall behind, which is different to drop.)

Regular and Irregular Verbs

A regular verb is one that forms its simple past tense and its past participle by adding -ed or -d to the base form of the verb. (Note: There are spelling rules to consider too.) For example:

Regular Verb	Simple Past Tense	Past Participle
love	loved	has loved
hate	hated	has hated
move	moved	has moved

An irregular verb is one that does not conform to this ruling. For example:

Irregular Verb	Simple Past Tense	Past Participle
tell	told	has told
bleed	bled	has bled

Verb Terminology

There is a lot of grammatical terminology associated with verbs. Below are explanations of the most common terms. (There is a more comprehensive list in our Glossary of Terms.)

INFINITIVE FORM

When a verb is preceded by the word to, it is said to be in its infinitive form (i.e., its most basic form).I have to smoke that!(to smoke - infinitive form of the verb.

a- You are free to go to your mosque.
b- He made people work.
The word to go and Work has no subject. These are said to be the infinitives of the verb, Sometimes to is used and sometime infinitive without to is used.
I saw him an old person to cross the river.

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He promised to help me.
I wanted to take rest after lunch.
The baby began to cry.
The teacher asked him to read the lesson.
I told him not to tell a lie.

PAST TENSE

Verbs that express actions in the past are said to be in the past tense.

He talked with more claret than clarity. (Susan Ertz)(talked- past tense of the verb to talk)
I ran to the lake.(ran - past tense of the verb to run)
They were all there.(were - past tense of the verb to be)

PRESENT TENSE

Verbs that express present actions are said to be in the present tense.

John jumps out the window.(jumps - present tense of the verb to jump)
Who is ill?(is - present tense of the verb to be)
He is the kind of a guy who lights up a room just by flicking a switch.(is - present tense of the verb to be)
(lights up - present tense of the verb to light up)

FUTURE TENSE

Verbs that express actions in the future are said to be in the future tense. These are usually formed by preceding the verb with the word will.

I will take the blame.(will take- future tense of the verb to take)
They will surrender.(will surrender - future tense of the verb to surrender)
Give me where to stand, and I will move the earth. (Archimedes, 287-212 BC)(will move - future tense of the verb to move)

Take a test on verb tenses. (Warning: This is a test for advanced students!)

SUBJECT OF A VERB

The person or thing performing the action of the verb is said to be the subject of the verb or the subject of the sentence.

Tony stole the boat.(Tony- subject of the verb to steal)
The dog is guilty.(The dog- subject of the verb to be)
Who was that?(Who- subject of the verb to be, i.e., was)

DIRECT OBJECT OF A VERB

Many verbs perform an action on something. This is called the direct object of the verb.

Terry kissed her hand.(her hand - direct object of the verb to kiss)
Beverly can eat a whole chicken.(a whole chicken - direct object of the verb to eat)

INTRANSITIVE VERBS

Some verbs cannot have a direct object. These verbs are called intransitive verbs.

The rain fell heavily.(The rain fell, but it did not perform an action on anything. In this example, the verb to fall is an intransitive verb.)

Jack protested in the street.(Jack protested, but he did not perform an action on anything. In this example, the verb to protest is an intransitive verb.)

TRANSITIVE VERBS

Verbs that can have a direct object (most of them) are called transitive verbs.

Barney copied the answer.(The verb copied is a transitive verb. The direct object of the verb is the answer.)
Terry saw a black fin cutting through the water.(The verb saw is a transitive verb. The direct object of the verb is a black fin.)

INDIRECT OBJECT OF A VERB

Some verbs have two objects, a direct object and an indirect object. The indirect object is the person or thing for whom the action was performed.

Jamie read the children a story.(a story - direct object; the children- indirect object)
I will bake him a cake.(a cake - direct object; him - indirect object)
The postman gives Anne a letter every day.(a letter - direct object;Anne - indirect object)

PASSIVE SENTENCE

The subject of a sentence does not always do the action of the verb. Sometimes, the action is done to the subject. Such sentences are called passive sentences because the subjects are being passive, i.e., not doing anything.

Carl was arrested.(Carl is not doing anything, but he is the subject of the sentence.)
(Note:Carl is the subject of the verb to be, i.e., was.)

Passive verbs always comprise two parts (was arrested in this example). The person doing the action of the verb in a passive sentence is usually shown with the word by.

Carl was arrested by PC Adams.

Passive verbs are said to be in the passive voice. Passive sentences can be quite useful:

The carpet was damaged.(This is a passive sentence. No one is blamed for damaging the carpet.)
Mark damaged the carpet.(A passive sentence contrasts with an active sentence (where the subject performs the verb). This example is an active sentence. It tells us that Mark damaged the carpet.)

ACTIVE SENTENCE

Active sentences are the opposite to passive sentences. In an active sentence, the subject of the verb performs the action.

We damaged the carpet.(This is an active sentence. We is the subject.
We damaged the carpet.)
Jamie read a story.(This is an active sentence. Jamie is the subject.Jamie read a story.)

CONJUGATION OF VERBS

A verb will change its form a little depending on the subject. For example:

I write.
He writes.
The jackal laughs.
The jackals laugh.

When verbs change in this way, it is known as conjugation. A verb conjugates according to the subject. The subject of a verb can be in one of six forms:

He / She / It
We
You
They

The first three are the singular forms (known as first person singular, second person singular, and third person singular). The second three are the plural forms (known as first person plural, second person plural and third person plural).

All subjects fit into one of these categories. For example, jackal is like he(i.e., third person singular) and jackals is like they (i.e., third person plural). (This subject rarely causes problems for native English speakers, who conjugate verbs correctly without much thought.)

Interestingly, this is the origin of the insurance term third party (i.e., it's insurance covering actions by "them").

PARTICIPLES

A participle is a verb form used as an adjective to modify noun or pronoun. These are verb and adjective at the same time .There are two types: present participles and past participles. Present participles end-ing. Past participles have various endings (e.g.,-ed,-en).

Present participles

All participles which end in –ing are called present participle. The laughing lady went to bazaar.(laughing is present participle as it expresses an action of the lady and modifies the noun lady too as an adjective does.)

The falling temperature increased cold (falling)

The stinging remark defamed her. (Stinging)

Past participle

The third form of the verb either formed with –ed as of all regular verbs or formed in irregular way is the past participle.

The tired dancer refused to dance.	Tired
The injured player went out of the ground.	Injured
The cracked vase was discarded.	cracked

Underline the past or present participles in the sentences

He was so shocked after the accident that he could not speak.	past participle
The galloping horse scared the child.	present participle
I do not want that burnt toast.	past participle
Do not be frightened. That dog does not bite.	past participle
The lorry was carrying stolen goods.	past participle.
Everybody was excited preparing the things for the trip.	past participle
If the children are bored, why don’t you take them to the park?	past p[participle

Below is a table showing some participles:

Verb	Present Participle	Past Participle
to sing	singing	sung
to drive	driving	driven
to go	going	gone
to rise	rising	risen
to watch	watching	watched
to be	being	been

Participles are classified as adjectives. (Note: When a verb form (like a participle) functions as an adjective or a noun, it is known as a verbal.) Below are some examples of participles being used as adjectives:

Our business is badly affected by the soaring price of wool.(The word soaring is a present participle. Here, it is being used as an adjective to describe price.)
He is a forgotten hero.(The word forgotten is a past participle. Here, it is being used as an adjective to describe hero.)

Correct form of verb
I have been living in this house since 1970.
2-He came here yesterday.
3-If you come, I shall be available.
4-He will take the examination next year.
5- He will come to us tomorrow.
6-Media plays a very constructive role.
7-Media has also become a mouth piece of downtrodden.
8-I am happy that all f you have expressed
9-Their feelings and opinions are expressed through it
10-Film, radio and television provide us information as well as entertainment.

What Is an Adverb?

A word that modifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb is called adverb./

An adverb can be added to a verb to modifyits meaning.
Usually, an adverb tells you when, where, how, in what manner, or to what extent an action is performed.
Many adverbs end in ly(particularly those that are used to express how an action is performed).
Although many adverbs end ly, lots do not (e.g., fast, never, well, very, most, least, more, less, now, far, and there).
Examples:

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Anita placed the vase carefully on the shelf.(The word carefully is an adverb. It shows how the vase was placed.)
Tara walks gracefully.(The word gracefully is an adverb. It modifies the verb to walk.)
He runs fast.(The word fast is an adverb. It modifies the verb to run.)
You can set your watch by him. He always leaves at 5 o'clock.(The word always is an adverb. It modifies the verb to leave.)
The dinner guests arrive dearly.(early modifies to arrive)
She sometimes helps us.(sometimes modifies to help)
She often comes here.
Sometimes he goes to Lahore.
The teacher was hardly ever late.
We are usually tires by the end of the day.
I have just posted the letter to them.
He did his work carefully.
Iqbal loves Iqra badly.

I am the only person in the world I should like to know thoroughly. (Oscar Wilde)(thoroughly modifies to know)

First comes the Adverb of manner then adverb of place and after them the adverb of time

She was singing beautifully at a concert last Saturday.

Position of adverbs

Place the adverbs at proper place

1-She often comes here.

Sometimes he goes to Lahore.

3-The teacher was hardly ever late.

4-We are tired by the end of the day.

5-I have just posted a letter to them.

6-He did his work carefully.

Degrees of comparison of adverb

Some adverbs like adjectives also have three degrees of comparison.

Positive degree comparative degree superlative degree

Kept much kept more kept most

Sang beautifully sang more beautifully sang most beautifully

Slept little slept less slept least

Looked good looked better looked best

Arrived early arrived earlier arrived earliest

Sentences using degrees of comparison of adverb

1-I enjoyed myself very much

2-I enjoyed more than my brother.

3-I enjoyed most of all.

Put “for” or “since” in the blank.

For =period of time

Since point of time

1-I have been studying for 3 hours.

2-I have watching tv since 7 pm.

3-Tara has not been feeling well for 2 weeks.

4-She has not been visiting us since march.

5-He has been playing football for a long time.

6-He has been living in Bangkok since he left the school.

Different Types of Adverbs

Although there are thousands of adverbs, each one can usually be categorized in one of the following groupings:

Adverbs of Time

An adverb of time tells us when an action occurs. For example:

Press the button now.(now- adverb of time)
I have never been.(never- adverb of time)
I tell him daily.(daily- adverb of time)
I tell him on a daily basis.(on a daily basis- adverb of time)
(Remember, an adverb can be more than one word. Here, the adverb is a prepositional phrase.)

Adverbs of Place

An adverb of place tells us where an action occurs. For example:

Daisies grow everywhere.(everywhere- adverb of place)
I did not put it there.(there- adverb of place)
I did not put it in the box.(in the box- adverb of place)

Adverbs of Manner

An adverb of manner tells us how an action occurs. For example:

He passed the re-sit easily.(easily- adverb of manner)
The lion crawled stealthily.(stealthily- adverb of manner)
The lion crawled like an escaped convict.(like an escaped convict- adverb of manner)

Adverbs of Degree

An adverb of degree tells us to what degree action occurs. For example:

That is the farthest I have ever jumped.(farthest- adverb of degree)
He boxed more cleverly.(more cleverly- adverb of degree and manner.)

The adverb categories above are relatively simple. The next adverb categories are a little more complicated:

Adverbs of Condition

An adverb of condition tells us the condition needed before the main idea comes into effect. (An adverb of condition often starts with if or unless. For example:

If it rains, the party will be ruined.(If it rains- adverb of condition)
I will not talk unless you apologize.(unless you apologize- adverb of condition)

Adverbs of Concession

An adverb of concession contrasts with the main idea. An adverb of concession often starts with a subordinating conjunction like though,although,even though,while,whereas, and even if. For example:

Although her face is an odd shape, she is undoubtedly beautiful.(Although her face is an odd shape- adverb of concession)
A loud voice cannot compete with a clear voice, even if it's a whisper. (Barry Neil Kaufman)(even if it's a whisper- adverb of concession)

Adverbs of Reason

An adverb of reason gives a reason for the main idea. An adverb of reason usually starts with a subordinating conjunctions like as,because,given, or since. For example:

Given today's strong tide, you should expect a tough swim.(Given today's strong tide- adverb of reason)
I don't have a bank account because I don't know my mother's maiden name. (Paula Poundstone).(because I don't know my mother's maiden name- adverb of reason)

Adverbs Can Modify Adjectives and Other Adverbs

Although the term adverb implies that they are only used with verbs, adverbs can also modify adjectives and other adverbs. For example:

The horridly grotesque gargoyle was undamaged by the debris.(The adverb horridly modifies the adjective grotesque.)
Peter had an extremely as hen face.(The adverb extremely modifies the adjective as hen.)
Badly trained dogs that fail the test will become pets.(The adverb badly modifies the adjective trained.)
(Note: The adjective trained is an adjective formed from the verb to train. It is called a participle.)
She wore a beautifully designed dress.(The adverb beautifully modifies the adjective designed.)
Peter Jackson finished his assignment remarkably quickly.(The adverb quickly modifies the verb to finish. The adverb remarkably modifies the adverb quickly.)

Adverb phrase

An adverb phrase is a group of words that does the work of an adverb.

Ali ran quickly. (Quickly is an adverb.

1-Ali ran with great speed. (With great speed is adverb phrase.)

2- The pigeons fly at fast speed.

3- He build his house at that place.

4- He tried with a great deal.

5- He spoke in full flow.

6- Did Sara behave in a good way?

7- This car runs with fast speed.

8- They should build a college at this place.

9- He lived life in a comfortable manner.

Adverb clause

An adverb clause is a group of words that does the work of an adverb, It usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as, after, because, until, where, while, unless, as when, since,if ,though, wherever.

1-you may sit wherever you like.

2-He will pass if he works hard.

3-We shall wait here until you come.

4-I did not buy it because it was very expensive.

5-Do it before you forget it.

6-Nobody likes him because he is rude.

7-She sings exactly like a classical singer.

8-I will not go out because I am not feeling well.

9-It will remain strike for one week, the politicians declared.

10-He will pass the exam,I spoke to his brother.

Definition of Adjective

A word used with a noun to describe or point out a person, place or thing or to tell the number or quantity is called an adjective.

Here is another definition:

Adjectives are describing words. Large,Grey, and friendly are all examples of adjectives. In the examples below, these adjectives are used to describe an elephant.

Examples:

Large elephant

Grey elephant

Friendly elephant

Adjectives of quality	Cultural, colourful
Adjectives of quantity	a lot of, much
Adjectives of colour	pink,
Adjectives of number	many, 21st,
Adjective of origin	Iranians, central etc

Nouns	Adjectives	Nouns	Adjectives
Life	living	health	healthy
Wealth	wealthy	abundance	abundant
Patience	patient	purity	pure

Adjectives Modify Nouns

The word elephant is a noun. Adjectives are added to nouns to state what kind, what colour, which one or how many. Adjectives are said to modify nouns and are necessary to make the meanings of sentences clearer or more exact.
Examples:

Follow the yellow cab.(In this example, the adjective yellow modifies the noun cab.)
Craig caught a large bass.(In this example, the adjective large modifies the noun bass.)
It is the girl with the paleface again.
The principal words should be in bold.(Beware of the adjective principal- see right)
The rusty nail he stood on was the cause of the infection.
Please put the old documents in the shredder.
There is an essential matter we need to discuss.
Peter guessed the right number.

Adjectives Modify Pronouns

Although less common, adjectives can also modify pronouns.
Examples:

It is a blue one.(In this example, the adjective blue modifies the pronoun one.)
Only a brave few have received a recommendation.

The Different Types of Adjectives

Adjectives are describing words. However, there are many other words that are classified as adjectives, some of which do not fall easily under this description.

Possessive Adjectives

Possessive adjectives are used to show possession. They are my,your,his,her,its,our and their. (They are a type of possessive pronoun.)

The Articles

The words a,an, and the are known as articles. They are classified as adjectives. Aandanare called the indefinite articles because they are used to indicate non-specific people or things. The is called the definite article because it does indicate a specific person or thing.

A cup (i.e., any cup)
The cup (i.e., a specific cup)

Identify and insert articles where necessary

1-Trees are grown on either sides of the canal.

2- Kindness and tolerance are the noble deeds.

3-Her courage and patience is an exemplary

4-The higher you go the cooler it is.

5-He is the tallest in the class.

6-The dog is a faithful animal.

7-The Indus is the largest river in Pakistan.

8-Mount Everest is the highest peak

9-Aiza is the most intelligent girl in school.

10-Where are the books which I bought a week ago?

Demonstrative Adjectives

Demonstrative adjectives are used to demonstrate or indicate specific things. This, that,these and those are all demonstrative adjectives.

If I hear that parrot again, I will call the RSPCA.(That is a demonstrative adjective. It refers to a specific parrot.)
Medals will only be given to those runners who complete the marathon in less than 8 hours.(Those is a demonstrative adjective. It refers to specific people.)

Indefinite Adjectives

Unlike demonstrative adjectives, which indicate specific items,indefinite adjectives do not point out specific things. They are formed from indefinite pronouns. The most common indefinite adjectives are no,any,many,few and several.

The chief has heard many people make the same promise.(The indefinite adjective many modifies the noun people.)
According to a council spokesman, there are no wallabies left in Derby shire. However, over the past few months, many walkers have reported seeing several adults with young.(The indefinite adjectives in this example are no,few,many and several.)

Numbers

Numbers are classified as adjectives too.

Four dolphins stayed with the boat until dawn.(The adjective four modifies the noun dolphins.)
All we could muster was 9 cans of beans.(The adjective 9 modifies the noun f cans.)

Adjective Phrase

An adjective phrase is a group of words that does the work of an adjective.

I like to see a smiling face.(adjective)

2-I like to see a face with a smile on it. Adjective phrase

Examples.

He wore a turban made of silk.

He is a man without a friend.

3-Nobody likes a person with bad temper.

4-It is of no use.

5-He is a man of sense.

6-She wore a dress made of cotton.

7-He is a man of words.

8-Nobody likes a person with bad morals.

Adjective Clause

An adjective clause is group of words which does the work of an adjective. It usually begins with a relative pronoun such as who, whom, that which whose.

1-These are the colour pencils which I want to buy.

2-I know the woman whose child was hurt.

3-The old lady whom we met in the shop was Amina’s grandmother.

4-this is the girl who stood first in the class.

5-Shazia likes the candies that her father brought from the market.

6-Anwar whom no one listened to was right.

7-He tells a tale that sounds untrue.

8-People who eat too much die early.

9-I met the woman whose son helped me

10-He is a man whom we all respect.

11-I have work which I must do.

12- Where is the book that you bought yesterday?

13-Any student who makes a noise will be punished.

14-The umbrella that is put there is mine.

15-That is the girl who got first position in the examination.

16-Where is the man who stole my pen?

Prepositions

A preposition is a word (often a short word) that expresses the relationship between two other nearby words. In the examples below, each preposition (in bold) shows us the relationship between the word book and the word wizard.

The book about the wizard
The book by the wizard
The book near the wizard
The book behind the wizard
The book under the wizard

The Role of a Preposition

A preposition precedes a noun (or a pronoun) to show the noun's (or the pronoun's) relationship to another word in the sentence. In the examples above, the preposition preceded the noun wizard to show that noun's relationship with the noun book.

Here are some more examples:

It is a container for butter.(The preposition for shows the relationship between butter and container.)
The eagle soared above the clouds.(The preposition above shows the relationship between clouds and soared.)
He is the President of the United States.(The preposition of shows the relationship between the United States and President.)

List of Common Prepositions

Here is a list of common prepositions:

above, about, across, against, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, since, to, toward, through, under, until, up, upon, with and within

Origin of the Word Preposition

The word preposition comes from the idea of being positioned before.

Object of a Preposition

The word (or words) that follows a preposition is called the object of a preposition. If there is a preposition, there will always be an object of the preposition. A preposition cannot exist by itself.

Prepositional Phrase

A prepositional phrase is made up of a preposition and the object of the preposition (including any modifiers). Prepositional phrases are very common. They function as either adjectives or adverbs. For example:

It is a message from Mark.(Here, the prepositional phrase from Mark is functioning like an adjective because it is describing message.)

Mark is trapped on the island.(Here, the prepositional phrase on the island is functioning like an adverb because it is modifying the verb is trapped.)

Preposition of place

Prepositions that tell us where a thing or person is are called preposition of place.

At, in, on, after, among, behind, between, in front of etc.

Behind. Park is behind the building

Beside. He is sitting beside me.

Next to. I always sit next to my friend

Under. There is a cat under the table.

Over. He climbed over the table.

Along. He is walking along the road

Across. He swam across the river.

Compound prepositions

Compound prepositions are two or more words working together as one word and functioning as prepositions.

Along with, according to, in front of, away from, because of, instead of are few examples

Preposition of time

Preposition	Use	Examples
In	Month Year Seasons Parts of day Duration	In march In 2013 In spring In the morning,in the evening In a second,in two weeks
At	Part of the day Time of day Celebrations Fixed phrases	At night At 8 o’clock, at midnight At eid At the same time
On	Days of week Date Special holidays A special part of a day	On sunday On the 20^thof august On iqbal day,on my birthday On the morning of october the 11th

Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions

1-The holy prophet (pbuh) migrated from Makah to Medina in 624.AD.

2-Abu Jehl, in a fit of fury headed for Abu Bakr’s home.

3-He began knocking at the door violently.

4-At this she instantly ran to a corner of the home.

5-She stood her ground even in the face of such wrath of Abu jehl.

6-She sold it and gave away all the money among the poor and the needy.

7-She faced every calamity of life with patience and valour.

Fill in the blanks with preposition of time.

a-Ali is arriving on January 126 at 2o’clock in the afternoon.

b-Saqib is leaving on Friday at noon.

c-Asher has started working for his law firm in 1995.

d-I met Shaheen at 9.00 am.

e. The doctor will see Alizay in the evening.

f-Sobia has her birthday on September 11.

g-We will have vacation in summer.

What Are Conjunctions?

Conjunctions are used to join words or groups of words together (Conjunctions are words that join words and sentences.). The most common ones are and,or, and but. (There are many others.)

Types of Conjunctions

Conjunctions can be categorized into one of three groupings:

Coordinating Conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions are the ones that spring to mind when people think about conjunctions (These join sentences or words of equal rank.)

Examples: but, or, nor, either, also, however, only, so, hence, and,for and yet.

Coordinating conjunctions are used to join individual words,phrases, and independent clauses.

Coordinating Conjunctions Joining Individual Words:

Jamie, Adam,and Lee arranged to meet by The Bull at 7 o'clock.
It is a small but practical kitchen.

Coordinating Conjunctions Joining Individual Phrases:

The finance manager or his new deputy from Holland will notify you when the report is ready to send.
John or his new deputy from Holland will notify you when the report is ready to send.(You can join a mix of words and phrases with a coordinating conjunction. Here, the conjunction or groups the word John and the phrase his new deputy from Holland.)

Coordinating Conjunctions Joining Individual Clauses:

A little sincerity is a dangerous thing,and a great deal of it is absolutely
fatal.(Oscar Wilde)(Here, the conjunction and joins two independent clauses.)
We are all in the gutter,but some of us are looking at the stars.(Oscar Wilde)

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History will be kind to me,for I intend to write it.(Winston Churchill)

The word coordinating means of equal rank. Usually, the elements joined by a coordinating conjunction are of equal rank. It is unusual, but possible, to see a mix of these groups joined by a coordinating conjunction.

Correlative Conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions appear in pairs. For example,either...or,neither...nor,whether...or, and not only...but also.

This man is either dead or my watch has stopped. (Groucho Marx)

Subordinating Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions include:after,although,as,because,before,if,once,since,than,that,though,till,until,when,where,whether, and while. These conjunctions join sentences one of which is dependent on the other.

(They are used to show the relationship between an independent clause a dependent clause.)

Keep your hand on the wound until the nurse asks you to take it off.
Personally I'm always ready to learn,although I do not always like being taught. Sir Winston Churchill (1874-1965)
We can't all be heroes because somebody has to sit on the curb and clap as they go by. Will Rogers (1879-1935)

Fill in the blanks with appropriate Conjunctions

1-He ran fast but he missed the train.

2-Wait Until I return.

3-Work hard unless you should fail.

4-I did not come because you did not invite me.

5-You will get prize as you deserve it.

Use of Subordinate conjunctions

Since=Since you are not interested ,I would not tell you about it.

Unless= You would not pass unless you work hard.

Though= Though he poor,he is honest

While= I was studying ,while he was singing.

As= He collects stamps as it is his hobby.

When= I shall call you when I get there.

After.= I shall call you after I get free.

What Are Interjections?

Interjections are words used to express strong feeling or sudden emotion. They are included in a sentence (usually at the start) to express a sentiment such as surprise, disgust, joy, excitement, or enthusiasm.

An interjection is not grammatically related to any other part of the sentence.

Examples of interjections (shaded):

Hey! Get off that floor!
Oh, that is a surprise.
Good! Now we can move on.

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Jeepers, that was close.

Yes and No

Introductory expressions such as yes,no,indeed, and well are also classed as interjections.

Examples:

Indeed, this is not the first time the stand has collapsed.
Yes, I do intend to cover the bet.
I'm sure I don't know half the people who come to my house. Indeed, for all I hear, I shouldn't like to. (Oscar Wilde)
Well, it's 1 a.m. Better go home and spend some quality time with the kids. (Homer Simpson)

Phew!

Some interjections are sounds.

Examples:

Phew! I am not trying that again.
Humph! I knew that last week.
Mmmm, my compliments to the chef.
Ah! Don't say you agree with me. When people agree with me, I always feel that I must be wrong. (Oscar Wilde)

SENTENCE

We use words to express our thoughts. How well we express these thoughts will
depend on the words we use and the way we arrange these words.
A group of words that are arranged in such an order that they make complete sense
is called a sentence.
[ A sentence always:

• begins with a capital letter
• ends with a full stop, or a question mark or an exclamation mark
• contains a verb.

There are four kinds of sentences:
• Assertive sentences or statements are sentences which tell us something, that
is, state a fact and end with a full stop.
Examples: John has invited us to her birthday party.
Ali has a long way to drive.
I have eaten some fruit.

• Interrogative sentences or questions are sentences which ask a question and
end with a question mark.

Examples: What is your name?
Has the road been repaired?
Have you visited the doctor?

• Imperative sentences are sentences which command, order or request someone
to do something and end with a full stop.
Examples: Please sign your name on the dotted line.
Stop that noise.
This assignment must be completed.

• Exclamatory sentences are sentences which express strong feelings and end
with an exclamation mark.
Examples: Thank God you are safe!
What a delicious meal that was!

Identify the kinds of the following sentences

Exclamatory, negative, assertive, interrogative, imperative

1-Art is another subject in which I am particularly interested.	Assertive
2-What a beautiful painting!	Exclamatory
3- Teach him to learn.	Imperative
4- How would I know?	Interrogative
5- She did not make a false statement.	Negative

Depending upon the clauses present in them, sentences can be further classified into
simple, compound and complex sentences.
• Simple sentence: A simple sentence contains only one finite verb./All main clauses can stand as a simple sentence when the rest of the sentence is removed
Examples: I have to learn dancing.
Here ‘learn’ is the finite verb.
He went to his office.
They put their plates down.

• Compound sentence: A compound sentence has two or more principal clauses./A compound sentence consists of two or more main clauses.
Examples: She wants to go to the circus but her parents want her to go
to school.
Here both the underlined parts are independent/principal clauses.
I would have attended the meeting if they had given me a call.
Shelley was asked to close the windows but she did not do so.

Night came on and the room grew dark.

He is rich yet he is not happy.

• Complex sentence: A complex sentence has an independent clause and one or
more dependent clauses./A complex sentence consists of one or more main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses.
Examples: The principal felt that I should take rest.
Here the first underlined part is the dependent clause and the
second is the principal clause.
My mother said that I should study properly.
I am wearing the dress that she gifted me.

WORKSHEET
I. Identify the sentences as assertive (A), interrogative (Q), imperative (I),
exclamatory (E).
a) Have the children returned from school?
b) How clever I am!
c) The temple will be built on the beach.
d) Please give me a glass of water.
e) Canada is a rich country.
f) Who is the department in-charge?
g) Get out.
h) Alas! He is no more.

Change the following questions as directed in the brackets.
a) Oh! What a severe headache I have! (assertive)
b) I do not know the answer. (interrogative)
c) What an exciting adventure we had! (assertive)
d) I can hear you. (interrogative)
e) Is Goa a beautiful state? (assertive)
f) The train leaves at five o’clock. (interrogative)
g) Will mother attend the meeting? (assertive)
h) Have the children returned from school? (assertive)
i) Was Babar a just king? (assertive)
j) What a lazy boy you are! (assertive)

Identify the sentences as simple, compound, complex.
a) Canada is a rich country, but still it has many poor people.
b) Although my friend invited me to a party, I do not want to go.
c) My friend invited me to a party, but I do not want to go.
d) Mr Seth, a teacher at Sri Ram School, enjoys teaching.
e) The man who is wearing a black shirt is my brother.
f) John and Roy had a big fight today.
g) We had to go inside when it started raining.
h) Ali hid the hen, and Aliya tried to hide the cow.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
(“if”sentences)

There are 4 main types of if sentences in English, often called conditional sentences.
These sentences are in two halves (clauses):
the if part (if clause)
the other part where you can use words such as can, will, may, might, could and would (main
clause)

ZERO CONDITIONAL is a structure used for talking about general truths -- things which
always happen under certain conditions (note that most zero conditional sentences will mean the same
thing if "when" is used instead of "if"). The zero conditional is used to talk about things which are
always true -- scientific facts, general truths, and so on.

main clause	if clause
Present Simple	If + Present Simple
it boils.	If you heat the water to 100 degrees,

1st CONDITIONAL is a structure used for talking about possibilities in the present or in the
future. The first conditional is used to talk about things which are possible in the present or the future --
things which may happen.

main clause	if clause
Future Simple, can, may	If + Present Simple
you will pass the test.	If you study hard,

2nd CONDITIONAL is a structure used for talking about unreal situations in the present or in
the future. The second conditional is used to talk about things which are unreal (not true or not
possible) in the present or the future -- things which don't or won't happen.

main clause	if clause
would, could, might	If + Past Simple
I would buy a big house.	If I had a million dollars,

3rd CONDITIONAL is a structure used for talking about unreal situations in the past. The
third conditional is used to talk about things which DID NOT HAPPEN in the past. If your native
language does not have a similar construction, you may find this a little strange, but it can be very
useful. It is often used to express criticism or regret.

main clause	if clause
would/could/might have + Past Participle	If + Past Perfect
I would have passed the exam.	If I had studied harder,

I failed the exam,
because I didn’t study
hard enough
If the "if" clause comes first, a comma is usually used. If the "if" clause comes
second, there is no need for a comma –
Water boils if you heat it to 100 degrees.
You will pass the test if you study hard.I would buy a big house if I had a million dollars.I would have passed the exam if I had studied harder.

EXERCISES
Make Zero Conditional sentences, use cues.
Jane / eat / too much chocolate / she /get / sick
_________________________________________________________________________________
You / not / eat / you / die
_________________________________________________________________________________
You / heat / ice / it / melts
________________________________________________________________________________

Make 1st Conditional sentences, put the verbs in brackets in correct form.
If you _________________ (not study), you _____________ (fail) the test.
I _____________ (lend) you my umbrella if you _____________ (need) it.
If I ________________ (be late), I _______________ (call) you.

Write 2nd Conditional sentences, put the verbs in brackets in correct form.
If you _______________ (leave) your job, you ________________ (travel) around the world.
If you _____________ (be) nicer to him, he ____________________(lend) you the money
It _________________(be) nice if the rain ____________________(stop)!

Write 3rd Conditional sentences, put the verbs in brackets in correct order.
He crashed his car, because he fell asleep while driving.
If he __________________(fall) asleep while driving, he _____________________(crash) his car.
I lost my job because I was late for work.
I ____________________ (loose) my job if I ___________________ (be)late for work.
We couldn't go to the concert, because we didn't have enough money.
If we _________________ (have)enough money, we ____________________ (go)to the concert.

Put the verb in brackets in correct form.
If I __________________ (be) you, I wouldn’t risk.
If they had waited another month, they could probably ________________ (get)a better price for their
house.
It's quite simple really. When it's cold, water __________________ (freeze).
If he decides to accept that job, he __________________ (regret) it for the rest of his life.
If he hadn't been driving so fast, he ___________________ (hit) the motorcyclist.
If he __________________ (be) more careful, he would have spotted the mistake.
If she goes on passing her exams, ___________________ (be) qualified to practice as a lawyer.
If I pay you twice as much, will you _____________________ (able) to finish by Tuesday?
If only I'd invested in that company, I _____________________ (become)a millionaire by now.

Make Zero Conditional sentences, use cues.
Jane / eat / too much chocolate / she /get / sick
__If Jane eats too much chocolate, she gets sick______
You / not / eat / you / die
____If you don’t eat, you die.______________________
You / heat / ice / it / melts
___If you heat ice, it melts.________________________

Make 1st Conditional sentences, put the verbs in brackets in correct form.
If you __don’t study___ (not study), you ___will fail__ (fail) the test.
I __will lend__ (lend) you my umbrella if you ___need____ (need) it.
If I ___am late___ (be late), I _will call ___ (call) you.

Write 2nd Conditional sentences, put the verbs in brackets in correct form.
If you __left__ (leave)your job, you __could travel__ (travel)around the world.
If you __ were__ (be) nicer to him, he ___might lend____ (lend) you the money
It ___ would be ___(be) nice if the rain ___stopped___(stop)!

Write 3rd Conditional sentences, put the verbs in brackets in correct order.
He crashed his car, because he fell asleep while driving.
If he __hadn’t fallen__(fall) asleep while driving, he __wouldn’t have crashed__(crash) his car.
I lost my job because I was late for work.
I _wouldn’t have lost____ (loose) my job if I __hadn’t been___ (be)late for work.
We couldn't go to the concert, because we didn't have enough money.
If we __had had_____ (have)enough money, we __could have gone_____ (go)to the concert.

Put the verb in brackets in correct form.
If I were you, I wouldn't risk it.
If they had waited another month, they could probably have got a better price for their house
It's quite simple really. When it's cold, water freezes.
If he decides to accept that job, he will regret it for the rest of his life.
If he hadn't been driving so fast, he wouldn't have hit the motorcyclist.
If he had been more careful, he would have spotted the mistake.
If she goes on passing her exams, she'll be qualified to practice as a lawyer.
If I pay you twice as much, will you be able to finish by Tuesday?
If only I'd invested in that company, I would have become a millionaire by now.

Summary

If +present indefinite, Subject +future indefinite

If he works hard, he will succeed

If +past indefinite, Subject + would =first form

If he worked hard, he would succeed

If +past perfect tense, Subject +would have OR might have third form of verb (unfulfilled condition)

If he had worked hard, he would have succeeded.

Had we paid heed to his warning and advice, we would not have entangled into pretty pursuits.
If you had studied hard, You would have succeeded.
If you had come to me, I would have helped you.
If I had seen him, I might have recognised him.
If I see Bilal, I’ll invite him to dinner tomorrow.
If I go out, I will turn off TV.
If you play tricks on people; they will not trust you again.
If the former sells all his kiwi fruit in the market, he will be very pleased.
I’ll help you with your homework if I can.

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I'll help you to ride my bike if I can.
will you give a message to Auntie Sophie if you see her?
If you don’t leave now; you will be late from school.
Will you inform me, if you are going to be late?
If he works hard, he will pass the examination.

T h e P h r a s e

Recognize a phrase when you see one.

A phrase is two or more words that do not contain the subject-verb pair necessary to
form a clause. Phrases can be very short or quite long. Here are two examples:

After lunch

After slithering down the stairs and across the road to scare
nearly to death Mrs. Philpot busy pruning her rose bushes

Certain phrases have specific names based on the type of word that begins or governs
the word group: noun phrase, verb phrase, prepositional phrase, infinitive phrase,
participle phrase, gerund phrase, and absolute phrase.

Noun Phrases
A noun phrase includes a noun—a person, place, or thing—and the modifiers—
either before or after—which distinguish it. The pattern looks like this:

OPTIONAL MODIFIER ( S ) + NOUN + OPTIONAL
MODIFIER ( S )

Here are some examples:

The shoplifted pair of jeans
Pair = noun; the, shoplifted, of jeans = modifiers.

A cat that refused to meow
Cat = noun; a, that refused to meow = modifiers.

A great English teacher
Teacher = noun; a, great, English = modifiers.

Noun phrases function as subjects, objects, and complements:

The shoplifted pair of jeans caused Nathaniel so much
guilt that he couldn't wear them.
The shoplifted pair of jeans = subject.

Jerome adopted a cat that refused to meow.
A cat that refused to meow = direct object.

With her love of Shakespeare and knowledge of grammar,
Jasmine will someday be a great English teacher.
A great English teacher = subject complement.

Verb Phrases
Sometimes a sentence can communicate its meaning with a one-word verb.
Other times, however, a sentence will use a verb phrase, a multi-word verb, to
express more nuanced action or condition. A verb phrase can have up to four

parts. The pattern looks like this:

A U X I L I A R Y V E R B ( S ) + M A I N V E R B + V E R B E N D I N G
W H E N N E C E S S A R Y

Here are some examples:

Had cleaned
Had = auxiliary verb; clean = main verb; ed = verb ending.
Should have been writing
Should, have, been = auxiliary verbs; write = main verb; ing = verb
ending.
Must wash
Must = auxiliary verb; wash = main verb.

Here are the verb phrases in action:

Mom had just cleaned the refrigerator shelves when
Lawrence knocked over the pitcher of orange juice.

Sarah should have been writing her research essay, but
she couldn't resist another short chapter in her Stephen
King novel.

If guests are coming for dinner, we must wash our smelly
dog!

Prepositional Phrases
At the minimum, a prepositional phrase will begin with a preposition and end with
a noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause, the "object" of the preposition.
The object of the preposition will often have one or more modifiers to describe it.
These are the patterns for a prepositional phrase:

P R E P O S I T I O N + N O U N , P R O N O U N , G E R U N D , O R
C L A U S E

P R E P O S I T I O N + M O D I F I E R ( S ) + N O U N , P R O N O U N ,
G E R U N D , O R C L A U S E

Here are some examples:

On time
On = preposition; time = noun.

Underneath the sagging yellow couch
Underneath = preposition; the, sagging, yellow = modifiers; couch =
noun.

From eating too much
From = preposition; eating = gerund; too, much = modifiers.

A prepositional phrase will function as an adjective or adverb. As an adjective,
the prepositional phrase will answer the question Which one?

The spider above the kitchen sink has just caught a fat
fly.

Which spider? The one above the kitchen sink!

The librarian at the check-out desk smiles whenever she
42

collects a late fee.

Which librarian? The one at the check-out desk!

The vegetables on Noel's plate lay untouched the entire
meal.

Which vegetables? The ones on Noel's plate!

As an adverb, a prepositional phrase will answer questions such as How?
When? or Where?

While sitting in the cafeteria, Jack catapulted peas with a
spoon.

How did Jack launch those peas? With a spoon!

After breakfast, we piled the dirty dishes in the sink.

When did we ignore the dirty dishes? After breakfast!

Amber finally found the umbrella wedged under the
passenger's front seat.

Where did Amber locate the umbrella? Under the passenger's front
seat!

Infinitive Phrases
An infinitive phrase will begin with an infinitive [to + simple form of the verb]. It will
often include objects and/or modifiers that complete the thought. The pattern
looks like this:

I N F I N I T I V E + O B J E C T ( S ) A N D / O R M O D I F I E R ( S )

Here are some examples:

To slurp spaghetti
To send the document before the deadline
To gulp the glass of water with such thirst that streams of
liquid ran down his chin and wet the front of his already
sweat-soaked shirt

Infinitive phrases can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. Look at these
examples:

To avoid another lecture from Michelle on the
benefits of vegetarianism was Aaron's hope for their
date at a nice restaurant.
To avoid another lecture from Michelle on the benefits of
vegetarianism functions as a noun because it is the subject of the
sentence.

Cheryl plans to take microbiology next semester when
Professor Crum, a pushover, is teaching the course.
To take microbiology next semester functions as a noun because it is
the direct object for the verb plans.

The worst thing to happen during the severe
thunderstorm was a lightning strike that fried Clara's
computer.

To happen during the severe thunderstorm functions as an adjective
because it modifies thing.

Ryan decided to mow the long grass on the front lawn to
keep his neighbors from complaining to the
homeowners association.

To keep his neighbors from complaining to the homeowners
association functions as an adverb because it explains why Ryan
mowed the lawn.

Participle Phrases

A participle phrase will begin with a present or past participle. If the participle is
present, it will dependably end in ing. Likewise, a regular past participle will end
in a consistent ed. Irregular past participles, unfortunately, conclude in all kinds
of ways [Check a dictionary for help].
Since all phrases require two or more words, a participle phrase will often include
objects and/or modifiers that complete the thought. The pattern looks like this:

P A R T I C I P L E + O B J E C T ( S ) A N D / O R M O D I F I E R ( S )

Here are some examples:

Flexing his muscles in front of the bathroom mirror
Ripped from a spiral-ring notebook
Driven crazy by Grandma's endless questions

Participle phrases always function as adjectives, adding description to the
sentence. Read these examples:

The stock clerk lining up cartons of orange juice made
sure the expiration date faced the back of the cooler.
Lining up cartons of orange juice modifies the noun clerk.
Elijah likes his eggs smothered in cheese sauce.
Smothered in cheese sauce modifies the noun eggs.
Shrunk in the dryer, the jeans hung above John's ankles.
Shrunk in the dryer modifies the noun jeans.

Gerund Phrases
A gerund phrase will begin with a gerund, an ing word, and will often include
other modifiers and/or objects. The pattern looks like this:

G E R U N D + O B J E C T ( S ) A N D / O R M O D I F I E R ( S )

Gerund phrases look exactly like present participle phrases. How do you tell the
difference? You must determine the function of the phrase.
Gerund phrases always function as nouns, so they will be subjects, subject
complements, or objects in the sentence. Read these examples:

Washing our dog Gizmo requires strong arms to keep the
squirming, unhappy puppy in the tub.
Washing our dog Gizmo = subject of the verb requires.
A good strategy for avoiding dirty dishes is eating every
meal off of paper towels.
Eating every meal off of paper towels = subject complement of the
verb is.
Susie tried holding the slippery trout, but the fish
flipped out of her hands and splashed back into the stream.

Holding the slippery trout = direct object of the verb tried.

Absolute Phrases
An absolute phrase combines a noun and a participle with any accompanying
modifiers or objects. The pattern looks like this:

N O U N + P A R T I C I P L E + O P T I O N A L O B J E C T ( S ) A N D / O R
M O D I F I E R ( S )

Here are some examples:
His brow knitted in frustration
Brow = noun; knitted = participle; his, in frustration = modifiers.
Her fingers flying over the piano keys
Fingers = noun; flying = participle; her, over the piano keys =
modifiers.
Our eyes following the arc of the ball
Eyes = noun; following = participle; arc = direct object; our, the, of the
ball = modifiers.
Rather than modifying a specific word, an absolute phrase will describe the
whole clause:
His brow knitted in frustration, Thomas tried again to
iron a perfect crease in his dress pants.
Francine played the difficult concerto, her fingers flying
over the piano keys.
We watched Leo launch a pass to his fullback, our eyes
following the arc of the ball.

T h e C l a u s e
Recognize a clause when you see one.

Clauses come in four types: main [or independent], subordinate [or dependent], relative
[or adjective], and noun. Every clause has at least a subject and a verb. Other
characteristics will help you distinguish one type of clause from another.

Main Clauses
Every main clause will follow this pattern:
S U B J E C T + V E R B = complete thought.

Here are some examples:
Lazy students whine.
Students = subject; whine = verb.
Cola spilled over the glass and splashed onto the counter.

Cola = subject; spilled, splashed = verbs.
My dog loves pizza crusts.
Dog = subject; loves = verb.

The important point to remember is that every sentence must have at least one
main clause. Otherwise, you have a fragment, a major error.

Subordinate Clauses
A subordinate clause will follow this pattern:

S U B O R D I N A T E C O N J U N C T I O N + S U B J E C T + V E R B
= incomplete thought.

Here are some examples:
Whenever lazy students whine
Whenever = subordinate conjunction; students = subject; whine = verb.
As cola spilled over the glass and splashed onto the counter
As = subordinate conjunction; cola = subject; spilled, splashed = verbs.
Because my dog loves pizza crusts
Because = subordinate conjunction; dog = subject; loves = verb.
The important point to remember about subordinate clauses is that they
can never stand alone as complete sentences. To complete the thought, you
must attach each subordinate clause to a main clause. Generally, the
punctuation looks like this:

M A I N C L A U S E + Ø + S U B O R D I N A T E C L A U S E .
S U B O R D I N A T E C L A U S E + , + M A I N C L A U S E .

Check out these revisions to the subordinate clauses above:
Whenever lazy students whine, Mrs. Russell throws chalk
erasers at their heads.
Anthony ran for the paper towels as cola spilled over the
glass and splashed onto the counter.
Because my dog loves pizza crusts, he never barks at
the deliveryman.

Relative Clauses
A relative clause will begin with a relative pronoun [such
as who, whom, whose, which, or that] or a relative adverb [when, where,
or why]. The patterns look like these:

R E L A T I V E P R O N O U N O R A D V E R B + S U B J E C T + V E R B
= incomplete thought.

R E L A T I V E P R O N O U N A S S U B J E C T + V E R B = incomplete
thought.

Here are some examples:
Whom Mrs. Russell hit in the head with a chalk eraser
Whom = relative pronoun; Mrs. Russell = subject; hit = verb.
Where he chews and drools with great enthusiasm
Where = relative adverb; he = subject; chews, drools = verbs.
That had spilled over the glass and splashed onto the
counter
That = relative pronoun; had spilled, splashed = verbs.
Who loves pizza crusts
Who = relative pronoun; loves = verb.
Like subordinate clauses, relative clauses cannot stand alone as complete
sentences. You must connect them to main clauses to finish the thought. Look at
these revisions of the relative clauses above:

The lazy students whom Mrs. Russell hit in the head
with a chalk eraser soon learned to keep their complaints
to themselves.
My dog Floyd, who loves pizza crusts, eats them under
the kitchen table, where he chews and drools with
great enthusiasm.
Anthony ran to get paper towels for the cola that had
spilled over the glass and splashed onto the counter .

Punctuating relative clauses can be tricky. You have to decide if the relative
clause is essential or non essential and then use commas accordingly.
Essential relative clauses do not require commas. A relative clause is essential
when you need the information it provides. Look at this example:
A dog that eats too much pizza will soon develop
pepperoni breath.

Dog is non specific. To know which dog we are talking about, we must have the
information in the relative clause. Thus, the relative clause is essential and
requires no commas.
If, however, we revise dog and choose more specific words instead, the relative
clause becomes non essential and does require commas to separate it from the
rest of the sentence. Read this revision:
My dog Floyd, who eats too much pizza, has developed
pepperoni breath.

48Noun Clauses

Any clause that functions as a noun becomes a noun clause. Look at this
example:You really do not want to know the ingredients in Aunt
Nancy's stew.
Ingredients = noun.
If we replace the noun ingredients with a clause, we have a noun clause:You really do not want to know what Aunt Nancy adds to
her stew.
What Aunt Nancy adds to her stew = noun clause.

Types of Clauses
Dependent clauses Independent clauses

contain both a subject and a verb	contain both a subject and a verb, but cannot stand
and can stand alone as a sentence.	alone as a sentence. Dependent clauses are introduced
Example: Jet lag affects most long	by subordinating conjunctions such as because, what, if
distance travelers.	Example: Although there is no sure way to prevent jet lag.

Independent Clauses

Example	Conjunctive Adverbs	Coordinators	Meaning
Women follow more healthful diets, and they go to doctors more often.	in addition, furthermore, moreover, also	and	To add an idea
First, robots can perform repetitive tasks without becoming tired or bored. Second, they can fulfill tasks requiring pinpoint accuracy.	first, second, then, next, later, meanwhile, finally		To show time or sequence
Increasing the size of airports is one solution to traffic congestion; however, this is a long-term solution whose benefits may not be seen for many years into the future.	however, nevertheless, in contrast, on the other hand	but yet	To contrast
Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs; therefore, most schools provide separate classes for each group.	therefore, thus, consequently, as a result	so	To show result
Students must take final exams; otherwise, they receive a grade of incomplete.	otherwise	or	To introduce an alternative
The little girl hated spiders; in fact, she was terrified by them	in fact, of course, indeed, certainly	.	To emphasize
In the operating room, robotic equipment can assist the surgeon. For instance, a robot can kill a brain tumor.	for example, for instance		To provide an example
Hermes is not only the messenger of Zeus, but the patron of thieves. In general, he is the god of authorized and unauthorized transfers.	in general, overall, in short		To generalize or summarize

49
Dependent Clauses

Examples	Subordinators		Types of clauses
.He knows that his business will be successful. That there is a hole in the ozone layer of the earth’s atmosphere is well known	what, where, why, how, where, when, who whom, which, whose, whether, that, if		1. Noun clauses
Men who are not married are called bachelors. Last year we traveled to San Francisco, which is famous for its architecture.	who, whom, which, whose, that, where, when		2. Adjective clauses
When he won the money, he decided to buy a car.	when, before, after, until, since, as soon as	a. time	3. Adverb clauses
She drove wherever she wanted.	where, wherever	b. place
She got a parking ticket because she parked illegally.	because, as, since	c. cause
He drove fast so that he could get to work on time.	so that, in order that	d. purpose
He drove so fast that he got a speeding ticket.	so ... that, such ... that	e. result
If she hadn’t won the lottery, she would have been very unhappy.	if, unless	f. condition
Although she thought she was a good driver, she got a lot of tickets for speeding.	although, even though	g. concession

Punctuation marking
With noun clauses, no commas are used.
Adjective restrictive clauses are not separated by commas, but with adjective descriptive clauses
commas are used.
Adverb clauses that come before the independent clause are followed by a comma, but if they come
after the independent clause, no comma is used.

50
Transitional devices

Transitional devices are words and phrases that connect parts of your writing . They link sentences and paragraphs together to maintain continuity of ideas. The following is a list of some commonly used transitional words or phrases.

Types Addition	Transitional devices And,again,besides,finally,further,furthermore,too,next,lastly,moreover,an addition,first,second,
Comparison	But,yet,on the other hand,however,nevertheless,on the contrary,by comparison,where compared to,although,meanwhile,after all, in contrast
Emphasis	Definitely,extremely,obviously,in fact,indeed,absolutely,positively,naturally,always,forever,never,certainly,
Sequencing	First,second,third,next,then,following,this,at this time,now,at this point,after,afterwards, subsequently,finally,consequently, previously,thus,therefore,hence,next
Exemplification	For example, for instance, in this case, on this occasion, to demonstrate,illustrate,as an illustration,
Summarization	In brief, on the whole, summing up, to conclude, in conclusion, therefore, accordingly, thus, as a result, consequently.

Active & Passive Voice

Active voice: In active sentences, the subject is active or the subject performs the actions./ The verb that express the action done by the subject is said to be in the active voice.

For example
The cow (Subject) is eating (Verb) grass (Object).—Active Voice

Passive voice: In passive sentences, the subject is no longer active or the subject is acted upon by
the verb./The verb that express what is done to the subject is said to be in passive voice.
For example
Grass (Subject) is being eaten (Verb) by the cow (Object).—Passive Voice

Active and passive voice worksheets, rules and examples
Active and passive voice with tenses

Simple Present Tense
is,am,are+3rd verb
Active Voice	Passive Voice
He lights the candle.	The candle is lighted by him.
He does not light the candle.	The candle is not lighted by him.
Do you eat meat?	Is meat eaten by you?
Present Continuous Tense
is,am,are+being+3rd verb
Active Voice	Passive Voice
I am driving a car.	A car is being driven by me.
I am not driving a car.	A car is not being driven by me.
Am I driving a car?	Is a car being driven by me?
Present Perfect Tense
has,have+been+3rd verb
Active Voice	Passive Voice
She has stolen my book.	My book has been stolen by her.

She has not stolen my book.	My book has been stolen by her.
Has she stolen my book?	Has my book been stolen by her?
Simple Past Tense
was,were+3rd verb
Active Voice	Passive Voice
She finished work.	Work was finished by her.
She did not finish work.	Work was not finished by her.
Did she finish work?	Was work finished by her?
Past Continuous Tense
was,were+being+3rd verb
Active Voice	Passive Voice
He was revising his books.	His books were being revised by him.
He was not revising his books.	His books were not revising by him.
Was he revising his books?	Were his books revising by him?
Past Perfect Tense
had+been+3rd verb
Active Voice	Passive Voice
I had completed the assignment.	The assignment had been completed by me.
I had not completed the assignment.	The assignment had not been completed by me.
Had I completed the assignment?	Had the assignment been completed by me?
Simple Future Tense
will,shall+be+3rd verb
Active Voice	Passive Voice
My uncle will pay my tuition fee.	My tuition fee will be paid by my uncle.
My uncle will not pay my tuition fee.	My tuition fee will not be paid by my uncle.
Will my uncle pay my tuition fee?	Will my tuition fee be paid by my uncle?
Future Perfect Tense
will, shall+ have been+3rd verb
Active Voice	Passive Voice
We shall have done our home-work.	Our home -work shall have been done by us.
We shall not have done our home-work.	Our home -work shall not have been done by us.
Shall We have done our home –work?	Shall our home -work have been done by us?

Note: In Present perfect continuous tense, Past perfect continuous tense, Future perfect
continuous tense, Future perfect tense, we use the same sentence in passive voice. It means these
tense cannot be changed in passive form.

52

Active and passive voice with modals (What is a Modal?)

Modals	Auxiliary Verb in Passive Voice	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Can/ Could	Can/Could+ be+ 3rd verb	I can solve these sums.	These sums can be solved by me.
I cannot solve these sums.	These sums cannot be solved by me.
Can I solve these sums?	Can these sums be solved by me?
Has to/ Have to	Has to/ Have to+3rd verb	He has to complete his assignment.	His assignment has to be completed by him?
Must	Must+3rd verb	You must learn this book.	This book must be learnt by you.
May	may+be+3rd verb	I may buy the book.	The book may be bought by me.
Might	might+ be+ 3rd Verb	They might play chess.	Chess might be played by them.
Should	should+ be+3rd verb	Students should learn all lessons.	All lessons should be learnt by students.

Active and passive voice with Imperative Sentences
These are the sentences in which we express our feeling and emotions like command, order,
advice, and request.
Rules
1. Lets + new object + be/Not be +past participle or 3rd form.
2. For sentences containing, Request, advice and order, we will use you are Requested to,
advised to and ordered to .
Note: Always remove please and kind if they are given in the sentence.

Active Voice	Passive Voice
Shut the door.	Let the door be shut.
Post the letter at once.	Let the letter be posted at once.
Always speak the truth.	Let the truth always be spoken.
Do not starve the cow.	Let the cow not be starved.
Let him help his brother.	Let his brother be helped by him.
Clean your room.	Let your room be cleaned.
Learn your lesson.	Let your lesson be learnt.
Please do me a favor tonight	You are requested to do me a favor tonight.
Get out of my house.	You are ordered to get out of mu house.
Kindly do not smoke in public place.	You are requested not to smoke in public place

To make passive voice, first of all you have to use following rules.
1.Change the object into subject. If in object, we have a pronoun (What is a Pronoun?) of object
case convert that by following rules.

me	I
You	You
her	She
them	They
us	We
him	He
it	It
whom	Who

2. Change the subject into object. And use by before the object. If in subject, we have a
pronoun of nominative case convert that by the following rules.

I	by me
You	by you
She	by her
They	by them
We	by us
He	by him
It	by it
Who	by whom

Some basic rules of active voice and voice are given below
 First of all, find subject, object and the main verb it means find SVO .
 Convert the object into subject.
 Use the suitable helping verb or auxiliary verb according to the tense. If helping verb is
given, use verb as it is. But note that the helping verb used should be according to the
object.
 Convert the verb into past participle or 3rd form of the verb.
 Use the preposition (what is preposition?) ―by‖.
 Convert the subject into object.

Change of voice

1-People are helped by media to share knowledge.

2-The attention of very large audience is attracted by media.

3-The television is switched on by us after entering the house.

4- Not only we are informed by it but we are also entertained.

5-It expresses their feelings and opinion.
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
When the actual words of the speaker are reproduced, it is called direct speech.
Example: He said, ‘I am going to school.’

When the main idea of a speaker’s words is reported by another person and the exact
words are not quoted, it is called indirect speech or reported speech.
Example: He said that he was going to school.

• Quotation marks or ‘inverted commas’ are used for direct speech.
Example: ‘I have cut my finger!’ cried Mrs Sharma.

• Quotation marks are not used for indirect or reported speech.
Example: Mrs Sharma cried that she had cut her finger.

• Question marks and exclamation marks are not used in reported speech.
Examples: ‘Is it bleeding very much?’ Mr Sharma asked. (direct)
Mr Sharma asked if it was bleeding very much. (indirect)

• In reported speech, the reporting verbs like asked/enquired, commanded/
ordered/requested, advised/suggested, exclaimed/shouted, etc are often used
in place of the reporting verb ‘said’ to convey the mood of the spoken words.

Examples:

Ramesh said, ‘How hot the soup is!’ (direct)
Ramesh exclaimed that the soup was hot. (indirect)
‘Stir it with your spoon,’ his sister said. (direct)
His sister advised him to stir it with a spoon. (indirect)
The son said to his mother, ‘I shall never be rude to you.’ (direct)
The son promised his mother that he would never be rude to her.
(indirect)
‘Why has the clock stopped?’ thought Peter. (direct)
Peter wondered why the clock had stopped. (indirect)

• The tense of the verb in the reported speech is in the past tense. However, if
the verb in the reported speech is stating a universal truth, a habit, a constant
situation, the tense of that verb does not change:

Examples:

The boy said, ‘I brush my teeth every day.’ (simple present tense)
The boy said that he brushes his teeth every day. (simple present
tense)
The teacher said, ‘The Sun rises in the east.’ (direct)
The teacher said that the Sun rises in the east. (indirect)
She said, ‘My son wants to be an actor.’ (direct)
She said that her son wants to be an actor. (indirect)

• In an indirect or reported question, the subject comes before the verb, not
after it. You do not use the helping verb ‘do’ to form reported questions.

Example:

Paul said, ‘What time does the bus come?’ (direct)
Paul asked what time the bus came. (indirect)
Sarah said, ‘When does the show begin.’ (direct)
Sarah asked when the show began. (indirect)

• The pronouns are also changed in reported speech.
Pronouns of the first person are changed as below:

Examples:

He said, ‘I am bored.’ (direct)
He said that he was bored. (indirect)
Mira said, ‘We are going to the movies.’ (direct)
Mira said that they were going to the movies. (indirect)
Rinki said, ‘My friends gave me a treat.’ (direct)
Rinki said that her friends gave her a treat. (indirect)
Pronouns of the second person are changed as below:
Examples: He said to her, ‘You are beautiful.’ (direct)
He said to her that she was beautiful. (indirect)
‘You must write neatly,’ the teacher told her pupils. (direct)
The teacher advised her pupils that they must write neatly.
(indirect)

Pronouns of the third person do not change:
Examples:

I said, ‘They have gone out.’ (direct)
I informed that they had gone out. (indirect)
Leela said, ‘These books are theirs.’ (direct)
Leela said that those books were theirs. (indirect)

• While converting direct speech into indirect speech, the tense of the verb
must change accordingly:

Direct speech	Indirect speech
Simple present	Simple past
Simple past	Past perfect
Present continuous	Past continuous
Present perfect	Past perfect
Can	Could
Shall	Would
Will	Would
May	Might

Examples:

She said, ‘I may attend the meeting.’ (direct)
She said that she might attend the meeting. (indirect)
Renu said, ‘I have finished my homework.’ (direct)
Renu said that she had finished her work. (indirect)

• Words indicating ‘nearness’ of time and place are changed to words indicating
‘distance’ of time and place:

Direct speech Indirect speech

the next/following day	—	Tomorrow
that day	—	Today
then	—	Now
there	—	Here
those	—	These
that	—	This
the day before/the previous day	—	Yesterday

Examples:

The interviewer said to the young man, ‘We will let you know
our decision by tomorrow.’ (direct)

The interviewer said to the young man that they would let him
know their decision by the next day. (indirect)

‘These are the documents you will require,’ the travel agent
informed the tourist. (direct)

The travel agent informed the tourist that those were the
documents she would require. (indirect)

• When reporting a question, an order or a request, the connector ‘that’ is not
used.
Examples:

The girl said, ‘May I come in?’ (direct)
The girl asked if she could come in. (indirect)
‘Pay your taxes,’ the king ordered his subjects. (direct)
The king ordered his subjects to pay their taxes. (indirect)

• In reported speech, the word/words or the sound used by the speaker to
express an emotion is omitted.
Examples:

‘Wow! What a handsome man he is!’ the girls said. (direct)
The girls exclaimed what a handsome man he was. (indirect)
‘Hello!’ my friend said to me. ‘How are you?’ (direct)
My friend greeted me and asked how I was. (indirect)

WORKSHEET

Change the following sentences from direct to indirect speech.

a) ‘Congratulations! You have come first in the exams,’ the principal said to
me.
b) Mohit’s father said, ‘We must not watch TV while having our dinner.’
c) ‘What an expensive car he drives!’ remarked Rahul’s neighbour.
d) ‘How well you speak German,’ his teammate remarked.
e) ‘Hurry up!’ said Viru’s mother. ‘The bus will be here in a minute.’
f) The policeman ordered the truck driver, ‘Show your licence.’
g) ‘You will have to surrender your passport,’ the officer said to the passenger.
h) My grandfather said, ‘May you have a long life!’
i) Mr Jain said to his colleague, ‘Will you please drop me at the airport?’
j) ‘Light travels in a straight line,’ the teacher explained.
k) ‘I saw an interesting film last evening,’ said my friend.
l) The caller asked, ‘May I speak with Shweta?’
m) ‘May I know who is on the line?’ her father enquired.
n) ‘Ouch! The bee stung me!’ the child said.

Read the following dialogues and fill in the blanks.

a) Husband — Did you talk to Dr Trehan?
Wife — Yes, but it is important for you to rest.
Husband — What is it?
Wife — Silence.

Husband — Is it one or two?

Wife — No.
Husband — Is it three or four?
Wife — Yes
Tush was admitted in a hospital with a complaint of tumor. He was resting.
A few minutes later, he opened his eyes and asked his wife i) ____________ she
ii) ____________. He asked her if it was one or two. She iii) ____________.
Finally, he wanted to know if it iv) ____________ and she agreed with him.
b) Sahil : I have invited four of my friends for dinner today.
Radhika : Then I’ll invite my friends also.
Sahil : That will be a good idea.
Radhika : So, what should we have for dinner?
Sahil : Let us decide the menu now.
Sahil told Radhika that i) ____________. Then Radhika said ii) ____________,
which Sahil thought iii) ____________. When Radhika asked iv) ____________
Sahil replied v) ____________.
c) Principal : Where is your mother?
Rhea : I have no mother. She died five years back.
Principal : Who was the lady with whom you came in?
Rhea : She is a stranger. She brought me for a treat.
Principal : You should not accept food from a stranger.
The Principal asked Rhea i) ____________. Puzzled, the girl told the principal
ii) ____________ back. At this the principal asked her iii) ____________ had
come in. Rhea replied that she was a stranger who iv) ____________. Then
principal told Rhea v) ____________.
d) Maggie : Tom, how much money did you give for the rabbits.
Tom : Five shillings and six pence.
Maggie : I think I’ve got more than that in my box upstairs. I’ll ask
mother to give it to you.
Tom : What for? I don’t want your money. I’ve got far more money.
Maggie : I want to buy some more rabbits.
Maggie asked Tom i) ____________. Tom replied promptly ii) ____________.
Maggie told him iii) ____________ she would ask mother to give that money
to him. Tom said iv) ____________. Maggie told him that v) ____________.
e) Doctor : Hello, How are you feeling now?
Patient : I am much better, sir.
Doctor : Are you not fully well? Don’t you take proper rest?
Patient : I am not fully well as I cannot have proper rest because of the
busy schedule.
Doctor : Take some tonic to regain your health, ok?
The doctor asked i) ____________ the patient replied ii) ____________ the

doctor asked iii) ____________ the patient replied iv) ____________ Finally,
the doctor advised the patient v) ____________.
f) Read the dialogues between the two girls and fill in the blanks.
Gina : Why do you look so worried?
Madhu : I have not prepared well for the exams. I have read only general
articles.
Gina : Don’t worry. There will be no questions from MCB. Reading
general articles from magazines or newspapers will help you
develop reading skills.
Madhu : Thank you, I am very relieved. Thank you indeed.
Gina asked Madhu i) _____________. Madhu told with concern that
ii) _____________ and that she had read only general articles. Gina assured
her not to worry as iii) _____________. Madhu looked relieved at Gina’s
assurance and thanked her for her consoling words.

Change the narration of the following sentences.

1- He asked him what he was doing.

2- He said that you had made a mistake.

3- He forbade not to waste time.

4-He asked me if I would watch a drama that night.

5-She requested her sister to listen to her.

Review1

Choose the correct option

*1-Valour* is a/an**	abstract noun
*2- Some* are born great. Some is an**	Indefinite pronoun
*3-There has not been sufficient* rain this year. Sufficient is an**	adjective of quantity
4-Saqib is leaving On Friday afternoon.	preposition
*5-We are studying English.*	name of language need not article
*6-How could the night is!* This is an**	exclamatory sentence
7-I will give you to ride my bike if you like.	conditional
8-You ought to be punctual.
*9-The boy laughs* loudly. Laugh is an**	intransitive verb
10-It is time to shut up the shop.	It is time for the shop to be shut up.

Review 2

The tree branches were covered with blanket of snow. (D) metaphor

59
We are divided into bits and pieces means?(D)disunited
The floors are covered with carpet .Synonym of covered is (D) enclosed
The little birds are piping yet.(A) twittering
The policeman dispersed the crowd. Crowd is a collective noun.(C)
The dog sat beside his master. (A)
Wait till I return.
I heard a noise coming from behind the room.
He spoke very loud. Loud is an adverb of manner.
We watched him go. Go is here used as an infinitive.
He is fond of cooking. Cooking is here Present participle.
If you had studied hard, you would have succeeded.
The shoe is pressing on my toe. ON my toe is an adjective phrase.
We are usually tired by the end of the day.

Review 3

1-Opposite of satisfied is unsatisfied.

2- Convolutions are correct spellings/

3-steadily is synonym of gradually.

4-Few does not have the same meaning as manifold have.

4-The teacher advised us to work hard. Indirect )

5-In an unwise manner, is a phrase

6-Beside the ingathered rice is a prepositional phrase.

7-He led a life devoid of blame. Devoid of blame is an adjective phrase.

8-The moment which is lost, lost forever. ‘which’ is relative pronoun.

9-Why did not you go along with your brother?

10-The government has levied more taxes but the salary structure has not been improved.

11-That was the reason why he came late. Why he came late is an adjective clause.

12-He came after night had fallen. The adverb clause of time.

13-They can stay where they are. Adverb clause of place.

14-I am glad that you like it. That you like it is an adverb clause of condition.

15-If I were you should not do that. Type 2 conditional sentences.

Unordered List

Saturday, 9 December 2017

Friday, 10 November 2017

Wednesday, 25 January 2017

Monday, 9 January 2017

Nouns

What is a Noun?

How Nouns Function

Common Nouns

Proper Nouns

Examples of Collective Nouns

Common Collective Nouns Used for People

Common Collective Nouns Used for Animals

5

Common Collective Nouns Used for Things

Pronouns

The Different Types of Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronouns

Indefinite Pronouns

Interrogative Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

Possessive Pronouns

Relative Pronouns

Absolute Possessive Pronouns

Reciprocal Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns

Intensive (or Emphatic) Pronouns

8

Gerunds

More Examples of Gerunds

Gerund Phrases

All Gerunds End -ing but So Do Present Participles

Compound Nouns

What Are Compound Nouns? (with Examples)

Examples of Compound Nouns

Hyphens in Compound Nouns

Composition of Compound Nouns

What Are Abstract Nouns? (with Examples)

11

More Examples of Abstract Nouns

What Are Noun Phrases? (with Examples)

Examples of Noun Phrases

What Are Noun Clauses? (with Examples)

Examples of Noun Clauses

13

What Are verbal noun ? (with Examples)

Verbal Nouns

Examples of Verbal Nouns

What Is a Gender-specific Noun? (with Examples)

What Are Non-countable (Non count) Nouns? (with Examples)

Examples of Non-countable (Non count) Nouns

Making Non-countable Nouns Plural

Examples of Gender-specific Nouns

What Are Concrete Nouns? (with Examples)

16

Examples of Concrete Nouns

What Are Verbs?

Lots of Verbs Express Physical Actions

Verbs Express Mental Actions Too

18

Verbs Express a State of Being

The Types of Verbs

Action Verb

Stative Verb

Transitive Verb

19

Intransitive Verb

Modal Verb

Phrasal Verb

Regular and Irregular Verbs

Verb Terminology

INFINITIVE FORM

PAST TENSE

PRESENT TENSE

FUTURE TENSE

SUBJECT OF A VERB

DIRECT OBJECT OF A VERB

INTRANSITIVE VERBS

TRANSITIVE VERBS

INDIRECT OBJECT OF A VERB